Acid-catalyzed olefination of bio-oil in the presence of ethanol

• Mohan D, Pittman CU Jr, Steele PH. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels20,848–889 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber GW, Iborra S, Corma A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev.106,4044–4098 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas MF, Balat M. Recent advances on the production and utilization trends of bio-fuels: a global perspective. Energy Convers. Manage.47,2371–2381 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram L, Mohan D, Bricka M et al. Pyrolysis of wood and bark in an auger reactor: physical properties and chemical analysis of the produced bio-oils. Energy Fuels22,614–625 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya P, Steele PH, Hassan EBM, Mitchell B, Ingram L, Pittman CU Jr. Wood/plastic copyrolysis in an auger reactor: chemical and physical analysis of the products. Fuel88,1251–1260 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridgwater AV. An Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuel and Chemicals, Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A hand book (1st Edition). CPL Press, Newbury, UK (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Elliott DC. Historical developments in hydroprocessing bio-oils. Energy Fuels21,1792–1815 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöcker M. Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.47,9200–9211 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gayubo AG, Aguayo AT, Atutxa A, Aguado R, Bilbao J. Transformation of oxygenate components of biomass pyrolysis oil on a HZSM-5 zeolite. I. Alcohols and phenols. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.43,2610–2618 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czernik S, French R, Feik C, Chornet E. Hydrogen by catalytic steam reforming of liquid byproducts from biomass thermoconversion processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.41,4209–4215 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gayubo AG, Aguayo AT, Atutxa A, Prieto R, Bilbao J. Deactivation of a HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst in the transformation of the aqueous fraction of biomass pyrolysis oil into hydrocarbons. Energy Fuels18,1640–1647 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong WM, Zhu MZ, Deng L, Fu Y, Guo QX. Esterification of organic acid in bio-oil using acidic ionic liquid catalysts. Energy Fuels23,2278–2283 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng J, Chen P, Lou H, Zheng XM. Upgrading of bio-oil over aluminum silicate in supercritical ethanol. Energy Fuels22,3489–3492 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng J, Chen P, Lou H, Zheng XM. Catalytic upgrading of bio-oil by HZSM-5 in sub- and super-critical ethanol. Bioresour. Technol.100,3415–3418 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y, Yu WJ, Mo LY, Lou H, Zheng XM. One-step hydrogenation–esterification of aldehyde and acid to ester over bifunctional pt catalysts: a model reaction as novel route for catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil. Energy Fuels22,3484–3488 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahfud FH, Cabrera I, Heeres HJ. Biomass to fuels: upgrading of flash pyrolysis oil by reactive distillation using a high boiling alcohol and acid catalysts. Process Saf. Environ. Prot.85,466–472 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu JM, Jiang JC, Sun YJ, Lu YJ. Bio-oil upgrading by means of ethyl ester production in reactive distillation to remove water and to improve storage and fuel characteristics. Biomass Bioenerg.32,1056–1061 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu JM, Jiang JC, Sun YJ, Lu YJ. A novel method of upgrading bio-oil by reactive rectification. J. Fuel Chem. Technol.36,421–425 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng L, Fu Y, Guo QX. Upgraded acidic components of bio-oil through catalytic ketonic condensation. Energy Fuels23,564–568 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Chang J, Wang TJ, Xu Y. Upgrading bio-oil over different solid catalysts. Energy Fuels20,2717–2720 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidekum A, Harmer MA, Hoelderich WF. Addition of carboxylic acids to cyclic olefins catalyzed by strong acidic ion-exchange resins. J. Catal.181,217–222 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Wang S, Guin JA. Etherification of dimethylbutenes in excess methanol. Fuel Process. Technol.69,205–219 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagholikar S, Mayadevi S, Sivasanker S. Liquid phase alkylation of phenol with 1-octene over large pore zeolites. Appl. Catal. A Gen.309,106–114 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Chatterjee S, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Pittman CU Jr. Reactions of phenol, water, acetic acid, methanol, and 2-hydroxymethylfuran with olefins as models for bio-oil upgrading. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.49,2003–2013 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Chakraborty D, Faglioni F et al. Alkylation of phenol: a mechanistic view. J. Phys. Chem. A110,2246–2252 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee S, Hassan EM, Yang X, Pittman CU Jr. Bio-oil upgrading by the addition of olefins. Preprints of Symposia – ACS Div. Fuel Chem.54,998–999 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Wang Q, Yang X, Chatterjee S, Pittman CU Jr. Sulfonic acid resin-catalyzed addition of phenols, carboxylic acids, and water to olefins: model reactions for catalytic upgrading of bio-oil. Bioresour. Technol.101,3685–3695 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Wang Q, Tripathi P, Pittman CU Jr. Catalytic upgrading of bio-oil using 1-octene and 1-butanol over sulfonic acid resin catalysts. Green Chem.13,940–949 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Pittman CU Jr, Sui S et al. Catalytic upgrading of bio-oil by reacting with olefins and alcohols over solid acids: reaction paths via compound studies. Energies6,1568–1589 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuhara T. Water-tolerant solid acid catalysts. Chem. Rev.102,3641–3666 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolfigol MA, Baltork IN, Habibi D, Mirjalili BF, Bamoniri A. The use of Nafion-H® as an efficient catalyst for the direct conversion of primary and secondary trimethylsilyl ethers to their corresponding ethers under mild and heterogeneous conditions. Tetrahedron Lett.44,8165–8167 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolfigol MA, Habibi D, Mirjalili BF, Bamoniri A. The use of Nafion-H®/NaNO2 as an efficient procedure for the chemoselective N-nitrosation of secondary amines under mild and heterogeneous conditions. Tetrahedron Lett.44,3345–3349 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siril PF, Cross HE, Brown DR. New polystyrene sulfonic acid resin catalysts with enhanced acidic and catalytic properties. J. Mol. Catal.279M,63–68 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granollers M, Izquierdo JF, Tejero J et al. Isoamylene trimerization in liquid-phase over ion exchange resins and zeolites. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.49,3561–3570 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z-J, Sui SJ, Tan S, Wang QW, Pittman CU Jr. Catalytic conversion of bio-oil to oxygen-containing fuels by simultaneous reactions with 1-butanol and 1-octene over solid acids: model compound studies and reaction pathways. Bioresour. Technol.130,789–792 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Websites

• Independent Chemical Information Service. www.icis.com/Articles/2007/08/06/9050162/chemical-profile-1-octene.html (accessed 27 February 2013)
   Google Scholar
• NNFCC. Ethanol. www.nationalstemcentre.org.uk/elibrary/file/14763/ethanol (accessed 27 February 2013)
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Energy. Production of butyric acid and butanol from biomass. www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/843183.pdf (accessed 28 February 2013)
   Google Scholar
• Renewable Fuels Association. Renewable Fuels Standard. www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/renewable-fuels-standard (accessed 28 February 2013)
   Google Scholar