Oral Fluid for The Detection of Drugs of Abuse Using Immunoassay and LC–MS/MS

• Lacey JH , Kelley-BakerT, Furr-HoldenCDMet al. 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers: Drug Results . US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC, USA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Cooper G , MooreC, GeorgeC, PichiniS. Guidelines for European workplace drug testing in oral fluid. Drug Test Anal. 3, 269–276 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration). Proposed revisions to the mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs. Federal Register69, 19673–19732 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Crouch DJ . Oral fluid collection: the neglected variable in oral fluid testing. Forensic Sci. Int. 150(2–3), 165–73 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummer OH . Introduction and review of collection techniques and applications of drug testing of oral fluid. Ther. Drug Monit. 30(2), 203–206 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman G , SchwopeDM, SchwilkeEWet al. Oral fluid and plasma cannabinoid ratios after around-the-clock controlled oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration. Clin. Chem. 57(11), 1597–1606 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langel K , EngblomC, PehrssonA, GunnarT, AriniemiK, LillsundeP. Drug testing in oral fluid-evaluation of sample collection devices. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32(6), 393–401 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee D , MilmanG, SchwopeDM, BarnesAJ, GorelickDA, HuestisMA. Cannabinoid stability in authentic oral fluid after controlled cannabis smoking. Clin. Chem. 58(7), 1101–1109 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnier M , CoulterC, MooreC. Selection of an immunoassay screening cutoff concentration for opioids in oral fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 35(6), 369–374 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter C , TarucM, TuyayJ, MooreC. Antidepressant drugs in oral fluid using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 34(2), 64–72 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwope DM , MilmanG, HuestisMA. Validation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection and semiquantification of cannabinoids in oral fluid. Clin. Chem. 56(6), 1007–1014 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C . Oral fluid and hair in workplace drug testing programs: new technology for immunoassays. Drug Test Anal. 3(3), 166–168 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly BT , ThorntonSL, BunonC, StoneJA, WuAH. False-positive urine phencyclidine immunoassay screen result caused by interference by tramadol and its metabolites. Ann. Emerg. Med. 59(6), 545–547(2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron JM , GriggsDA, NixonAL, LongWH, FloodJG. The trazodone metabolite meta-chlorophenylpiperazine can cause false-positive urine amphetamine immunoassay results. J. Anal. Toxicol. 35(6), 364–368 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuyay J , CoulterC, RodriguesW, MooreC. Disposition of opioids in oral fluid: Importance of chromatography and mass spectral transitions in LC–MS/MS. Drug Test Anal. 4(6), 395–401 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crooks CR , BrownS. Roche DAT immunoassay: sensitivity and specificity testing for amphetamines, cocaine, and opiates in oral fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 34(2), 103–109 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummer OH . Drug testing in oral fluid. Clin. Biochem. Rev. 27(3), 147–159 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosker W , HuestisMH. Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse. Clin. Chem. 55, 1910–1931 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen KW , SttentoftA, HelsT, BernhoftIM, RasmussenBS, LinnetK. Presence of psychoactive substances in oral fluid from randomly selected drivers in Denmark. Forens. Sci. Int. 221(1–3), 33–38 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desrosiers NA , LeeD, SchwopeDMet al. On-site test for cannabinoids in oral fluid. Clin. Chem. 58(10), 1418–1425 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassaing C , RobinsonS. Turbulent flow chromatography: an evolving solution for bioanalysis. Chromatogr. Today20–24 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Badawi N , SimonsenKW, SteentoftA, BernhoftIM, LinnetK. Simultaneous screening and quantification of 29 drugs of abuse in oral fluid by solid-phase extraction and ultraperformance LC–MS/MS. Clin. Chem. 55(11), 2004–2018 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strano-Rossi S , AnzillottiL, CastrignanòEet al. UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for direct analysis of drugs of abuse in oral fluid for DUID assessment. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 401(2), 609–624 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccard P , TremblayP. LDTD-MS/MS in 1.8 sec with RSD of 2.4%: paracetamol in human plasma crash. Application Note 0708 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Heudi O , BarteauS, PiccardP, TremblayP, PicardF, KretzO. Laser diode thermal desorption-positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the ultra-fast quantitation of a pharmaceutical compound in human plasma. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 54(5), 1088–1095 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintela O , AndrenyakDM, HogganAM, CrouchDJ. A validated method for the detection of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy- delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31(3), 157–164 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElSohly MA , GulW, ElSohlyKE, AvulaB, KahnIA. LC–MS (TOF) analysis method for benzodiazepines in urine samples from alleged drug-facilitated sexual victims. J. Anal. Toxicol. 30, 596–600 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfgartner G , VaresioE, TschäppätV, GrivetC, BourgogneE, LeutholdLA. Triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer for the analysis of small molecules and macromolecules. J. Mass Spectrom. 39(8), 845–855 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concheiro M , de Castro A, Quintela O, Cruz A, Lopez-Rivadulla M. Confirmation by LC–MS of drugs in oral fluid obtained from roadside testing. Forens. Sci. Int. 170(2–3), 156–162 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oiestad EL , JohansenU, ChristophersenAS. Drug screening of preserved oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 53(2), 300–309 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter C , GarnierM, TuyayJ, OrbitaJ, MooreC. Determination of carisoprodol and meprobamate in oral fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 36, 217–220 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kala SV , HarrisSE, FreijoTD, GerlichS. Validation of analysis of amphetamines, opiates, phencyclidine, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine in oral fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32(8), 605–611 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telepchak M , HackettJ, ElianA. The use of F-SPE/fast LC–MSMS for analyzing low levels of THC in oral swabs. Presented at:American Society of Mass Spectrometry. Salt Lake City UT, USA, 23–25 May 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Maurer H . Advances in analytical toxicology: the current role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in drug quantification in blood and oral fluid. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 38, 110–118 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Heltsley R , DePriestA, BlackDLet al. Oral fluid drug testing of chronic pain patients. II. Comparison of paired oral fluid and urine specimens. J. Anal. Toxicol. 36, 75–80 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang IT , FengYT, ChenCY. Determination of 17 illicit drugs in oral fluid using isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with three atmospheric pressure ionizations. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 878(30), 3095–3105 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritch D , BlumK, NonnemacherS, HaggertyBJ, SullivanMP, ConeEJ. Identification and quantitation of amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 33(9), 569–577 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen KR , AzadR, FieldHP, BlakeDK. Replacement of immunoassay by LC tandem mass spectrometry for the routine measurement of drugs of abuse in oral fluid. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 42, 277–284 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauwaert K , DecaesteckerT, MortierKet al. The determination of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and cocaethylene in small-volume oral fluid samples by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 28, 655–659 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concheiro M , de Castro A, Quintela O, Cruz A, Lopez-Rivadulla M. Determination of illicit and medicinal drug and their metabolites in oral fluid and preserved oral fluid by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 391, 2329–2338 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter C , CromptonK, MooreC. Detection of phencyclidine in human oral fluid using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection by LC/MS/MS. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 863, 123–128 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergi M , CompagnoneD, CuriniRet al. Micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of stimulants, hallucinogens, ketamine and phencyclidine in oral fluids. Anal. Chim. Acta675(2), 132–137 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C , CoulterC, CromptonK. Achieving proposed Federal concentrations using reduced specimen volume for the extraction of amphetamines from oral fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31(8), 442–446 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autry JH . Notice to DHHS/NIDA certified laboratories (PD002). National Institute on Drug Abuse. Division of Applied Research. 12 October 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Autry JH . Notice to DHHS/NIDA certified laboratories (PD003). National Institute on Drug Abuse. Division of Applied Research. 19 December 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Wood M , De Boeck G, Samyn Net al. Development of a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of amphetamines in human plasma and oral fluid by LC–MS-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 27, 78–87 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slawson MH , CrouchDJ, AndrenyakDM, RollinsDE, LuJK, BaileyPL. Determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in plasma following intravenous and intrathecal morphine administration utilizing HPLC with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 23(6), 468–473 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C , RossW, CoulterCet al. Detection of the marijuana metabolite, 11-nor-Δ9-tetra-hydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in oral fluid specimens, and its contribution to positive results in screening assays. J. Anal. Toxicol. 30(7), 413–418 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day D , Kuntz DJ, Feldman M, Presley L. Detection of THCA in oral fluid by GC-MS-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 30(7), 645–650 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C , RanaS, CoulterC, DayD, VincentM, SoaresJ. Detection of conjugated 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in oral fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31(4), 187–194 (2007)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe RD , GuildGE, HarpasPet al. Rapid drug detection in oral samples by porous silicon assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23(22), 3543–3548 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bylda C , LeinenbachA, ThieleR, KoboldU, VolmerDA. Development of an electrospray LC–MS/MS method for quantification of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its main metabolite in oral fluid. Drug Test. Anal. 4(7–8), 668–674 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PD , ChangYJ, LinKL, ChangYZ. Simultaneous determination of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy- D9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 402, 851–859 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter C , GarnierM, MooreC. Analysis of tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolite, 11-nor-d9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid, in oral fluid using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 36(6), 413–417 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter C , GarnierM, MooreC. Synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 35(7), 424–430 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneisel S , AuwärterV, KempfJ. Analysis of 30 synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal. doi: 10.1002/dta.1429 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strano-Rossi S , AnzillottiL, CastrignanòE, RomoloFS, ChiarottiM. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry screening method for direct analysis of designer drugs, ‘spice’ and stimulants in oral fluid. J. Chromatogr. A. 1258, 37–42 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smink BE , MathijssenMPM, LusthofKJ, deGierJJ, EgbertsACG, UgesDRA. Comparison of urine and oral fluid as matrices for screening of thirty-three benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine like substances using immunoassay and LC–MS (-MS). J. Anal. Toxicol. 30(7), 478–485 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C , CoulterC, CromptonK, ZumwaltM. Determination of benzodiazepines in oral fluid using LC/MS/MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31(9), 596–600 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngwa G , FritchD, BlumK, NewlandG. Simultaneous analysis of 14 benzodiazepines in oral fluid using by solid phase extraction and LC–MS-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31, 369–376 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintz P , VillianM, ConcheiroM, CirimeleV. Screening and confirmatory method for benzodiazepines and hypnotics in oral fluid by LC–MS/MS. Forens. Sci. Int. 150, 213–220 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang M , ChangH, YangWet al. Development of an LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 25 benzodiazepines and zolpidem in oral fluid and its application to authentic samples from regular drug users. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 74, 213–222 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone EJ , ClarkJ, TsanclisL. Prevalence and disposition of drugs of abuse and opioid treatment drugs in oral fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31, 424–433 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintela O , CruzA, de Castro A, Conchiero M, Lopez-Rivadulla M. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry for the determination of nine benzodiazepines in human plasma and oral fluid. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 825, 63–71 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concheiro M , GrayTR, ShakleyaDM, HuestisMA. High-throughput simultaneous analysis of buprenorphine, methadone, cocaine, opiates, nicotine, and metabolites in oral fluid by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 398(2), 915–924 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heltsley R , DePriestA, BlackDLet al. Oral fluid drug testing of chronic pain patients. I. Positive prevalence rates of licit and illicit drugs. J. Anal. Toxicol. 35(8), 529–540 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vindenes V , YttredalB, OiestadELet al. Oral fluid is a viable alternative for monitoring drug abuse: detection of drugs in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and comparison to the results from urine samples from patients treated with methadone or buprenorphine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 35(1), 32–39 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C , Kelley-BakerT, LaceyJ. Interpretation of oxycodone concentrations in oral fluid. J. Opioid Manag. 8(3), 161–166 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray TR , DamsR, ChooRE, JonesHE, HuestisMA. Methadone disposition in oral fluid during pharmacotherapy for opioid-dependence. Forens. Sci Int. 206(1–3), 98–102 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogeser M , SegerC. Pitfalls associated with the use of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. Clin. Chem. 56(8), 1234–1244 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox EJ , TwiggerS, AllenKR. Criteria for opiate identification using liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry: problems in routine practice. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 46, 50–57 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Websites

• Rosita I. www.transport-research.info
   Google Scholar
• ROSITA II. www.rosita.org
   Google Scholar
• DRUID. www.druid-project.eu
   Google Scholar
• Society of Forensic Toxicologists, SOFT/AAFS Forensic Laboratory Guidelines – 2006. www.soft-tox.org
   Google Scholar
• Coulter C, Castro C. Semi-quantitative determination of tramadol in oral fluid utilizing homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA): comparison with ELISA. www.immunalysis.com/images/stories/labs/Tramadol_oral_fluid_2009.pdf
   Google Scholar