Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer: Present Challenges and Future Opportunities

References

• Siegel R , MaJ, ZouZ, JemalA. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J. Clin.64(1), 9–29 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz L , VespriniD, SethukavalanPet al. Long-term follow-up of a large active surveillance cohort of patients with prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.33(3), 272–277 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugosson J , CarlssonS. Overdetection in screening for prostate cancer. Curr. Opin. Urol.24(3), 256–263 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanda MG , DunnRL, MichalskiJet al. Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N. Engl. J. Med.358(12), 1250–1261 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz L . Prostate cancer overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes.20(3), 204–209 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbieri CE , BangmaCH, BjartellAet al. The mutational landscape of prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.64(4), 567–576 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeronimo C , BastianPJ, BjartellAet al. Epigenetics in prostate cancer: biologic and clinical relevance. Eur. Urol.60(4), 753–766 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giskeodegard GF , BertilssonH, SelnaesKMet al. Spermine and citrate as metabolic biomarkers for assessing prostate cancer aggressiveness. PLoS ONE8(4), e62375 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang VY , WestphalenA, Delos SantosLet al. The role of metabolic imaging in radiation therapy of prostate cancer. NMR Biomed.27(1), 100–111 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang G , LiuX, JiaoLet al. Metabolomic evaluation of the response to endocrine therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Eur. J. Pharmacol.729, 132–137 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V , DwivediDK, JagannathanNR. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of human body fluids and tissues in relation to prostate cancer. NMR Biomed.27(1), 80–89 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucarelli G , RutiglianoM, GalleggianteVet al. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. doi:10.1586/14737159.2015.1069711 (2015) ( Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla-Dave A , HricakH, AkinOet al. Preoperative nomograms incorporating magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for prediction of insignificant prostate cancer. BJU Int.109(9), 1315–1322 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapar R , TitusMA. Recent advances in metabolic profiling and imaging of prostate cancer. Curr. Metabolomics2(1), 53–69 (2014).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtenstein P , HolmNV, VerkasaloPKet al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer – analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N. Engl. J. Med.343(2), 78–85 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Olama AA , DadaevT, HazelettDJet al. Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans. Hum. Mol. Genet. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddv203 (2015) ( Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Olama AA , Kote-JaraiZ, BerndtSIet al. A meta-analysis of 87,040 individuals identifies 23 new susceptibility loci for prostate cancer. Nat. Genet.46(10), 1103–1109 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng SL , SunJ, WiklundFet al. Cumulative association of five genetic variants with prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.358(9), 910–919 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders EJ , DadaevT, LeongamornlertDAet al. Fine-mapping the HOXB region detects common variants tagging a rare coding allele: evidence for synthetic association in prostate cancer. PLoS Genet.10(2), e1004129 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing CM , RayAM, LangeEMet al. Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. N. Engl. J. Med.366(2), 141–149 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrski T , GronwaldJ, HuzarskiTet al. Pathologic complete response rates in young women with BRCA1-positive breast cancers after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.28(3), 375–379 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang D , KhanS, SunYet al. Association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with survival, chemotherapy sensitivity, and gene mutator phenotype in patients with ovarian cancer. JAMA306(14), 1557–1565 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kote-Jarai Z , LeongamornlertD, SaundersEet al. BRCA2 is a moderate penetrance gene contributing to young-onset prostate cancer: implications for genetic testing in prostate cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer105(8), 1230–1234 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro E , GohC, OlmosDet al. Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.31(14), 1748–1757 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro E , GohC, LeongamornlertDet al. Effect of BRCA mutations on metastatic relapse and cause-specific survival after radical treatment for localised prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.68(2), 186–193 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risbridger GP , TaylorRA, CloustonDet al. Patient-derived xenografts reveal that intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is a prominent pathology in BRCA2 mutation carriers with prostate cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. Eur. Urol.67(3), 496–503 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macinnis RJ , AntoniouAC, EelesRAet al. A risk prediction algorithm based on family history and common genetic variants: application to prostate cancer with potential clinical impact. Genet. Epidemiol.35(6), 549–556 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AE , LoebS, LandisPet al. Prostate-specific antigen kinetics during follow-up are an unreliable trigger for intervention in a prostate cancer surveillance program. J. Clin. Oncol.28(17), 2810–2816 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F , DupontA, SuburuRet al. Serum prostate specific antigen as pre-screening test for prostate cancer. J. Urol.147(3 Pt 2), 846–851; discussion 851–842 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan TO , JacobsenSJ, MccarthyWF, JacobsonDJ, McleodDG, MoulJW. Age-specific reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen in black men. N. Engl. J. Med.335(5), 304–310 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesterling JE . Age-specific reference ranges for serum PSA. N. Engl. J. Med.335(5), 345–346 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen FH , RoobolM, JensterG, SchroderFH, BangmaCH. Screening for prostate cancer in 2008 II: the importance of molecular subforms of prostate-specific antigen and tissue kallikreins. Eur. Urol.55(3), 563–574 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudmundsson J , BesenbacherS, SulemPet al. Genetic correction of PSA values using sequence variants associated with PSA levels. Sci. Transl. Med.2(62), 62ra92 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallner LP , FrencherSK, HsuJWet al. Changes in serum prostate-specific antigen levels and the identification of prostate cancer in a large managed care population. BJU Int.111(8), 1245–1252 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gils MP , HesselsD, Van HooijOet al. The time-resolved fluorescence-based PCA3 test on urinary sediments after digital rectal examination; a Dutch multicenter validation of the diagnostic performance. Clin. Cancer Res.13(3), 939–943 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA , PartinAW, RittenhouseHGet al. Evaluation of proprostate specific antigen for early detection of prostate cancer in men with a total prostate specific antigen range of 4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml. J. Urol.170(3), 723–726 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Neste L , HermanJG, OttoG, BigleyJW, EpsteinJI, Van CriekingeW. The epigenetic promise for prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate72(11), 1248–1261 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggener SE , RoehlKA, CatalonaWJ. Predictors of subsequent prostate cancer in men with a prostate specific antigen of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/ml and an initially negative biopsy. J. Urol.174(2), 500–504 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohler J , BahnsonRR, BostonBet al. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw.8(2), 162–200 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ , BrewsterSF. PSA velocity and doubling time in diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Br. J. Med. Surg. Urol.5(4), 162–168 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulmert D , SerioAM, O'BrienMFet al. Long-term prediction of prostate cancer: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity is predictive but does not improve the predictive accuracy of a single PSA measurement 15 years or more before cancer diagnosis in a large, representative, unscreened population. J. Clin. Oncol.26(6), 835–841 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ , SavageC, O'BrienMF, LiljaH. Systematic review of pretreatment prostate-specific antigen velocity and doubling time as predictors for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.27(3), 398–403 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ , WoltersT, SavageCJet al. Prostate-specific antigen velocity for early detection of prostate cancer: result from a large, representative, population-based cohort. Eur. Urol.56(5), 753–760 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters T , RoobolMJ, BangmaCH, SchroderFH. Is prostate-specific antigen velocity selective for clinically significant prostate cancer in screening? European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (Rotterdam). Eur. Urol.55(2), 385–392 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ , WoltersT, SavageCJet al. Prostate specific antigen velocity does not aid prostate cancer detection in men with prior negative biopsy. J. Urol.184(3), 907–912 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriole GL , BostwickD, BrawleyOWet al. The effect of dutasteride on the usefulness of prostate specific antigen for the diagnosis of high grade and clinically relevant prostate cancer in men with a previous negative biopsy: results from the REDUCE study. J. Urol.185(1), 126–131 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM , Pauler AnkerstD, ChiCet al. Prediction of prostate cancer for patients receiving finasteride: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J. Clin. Oncol.25(21), 3076–3081 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsted DD , BojesenSE, KamstrupPR, NordestgaardBG. Long-term prostate-specific antigen velocity in improved classification of prostate cancer risk and mortality. Eur. Urol.64(3), 384–393 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ , ThompsonIM, KleinE, CarrollPR, ScardinoPT. A commentary on PSA velocity and doubling time for clinical decisions in prostate cancer. Urology83(3), 592–596 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salagierski M , SchalkenJA. Molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer: PCA3 and TMPRSS2: ERG gene fusion. J. Urol.187(3), 795–801 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder FH , VenderbosLD, Van Den BerghRCet al. Prostate cancer antigen 3: diagnostic outcomes in men presenting with urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 scores ≥100. Urology83(3), 613–616 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haese A , De La TailleA, Van PoppelHet al. Clinical utility of the PCA3 urine assay in European men scheduled for repeat biopsy. Eur. Urol.54(5), 1081–1088 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen FH , Van SchaikRH, KurstjensJet al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform p2PSA in combination with total PSA and free PSA improves diagnostic accuracy in prostate cancer detection. Eur. Urol.57(6), 921–927 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzeri M , HaeseA, De La TailleAet al. Serum isoform [-2]proPSA derivatives significantly improve prediction of prostate cancer at initial biopsy in a total PSA range of 2–10 ng/ml: a multicentric European study. Eur. Urol.63(6), 986–994 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalona WJ , PartinAW, SandaMGet al. A multicenter study of [-2]pro-prostate specific antigen combined with prostate specific antigen and free prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/ml prostate specific antigen range. J. Urol.185(5), 1650–1655 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb S , SandaMG, BroylesDLet al. The prostate health index selectively identifies clinically significant prostate cancer. J. Urol.193(4), 1163–1169 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ , CroninAM, AusGet al. A panel of kallikrein markers can reduce unnecessary biopsy for prostate cancer: data from the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer Screening in Goteborg, Sweden. BMC Med.6, 19 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ , CroninAM, RoobolMJet al. A four-kallikrein panel predicts prostate cancer in men with recent screening: data from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Rotterdam. Clin. Cancer Res.16(12), 3232–3239 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benchikh A , SavageC, CroninAet al. A panel of kallikrein markers can predict outcome of prostate biopsy following clinical work-up: an independent validation study from the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer screening, France. BMC Cancer10, 635 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A , RoobolMJ, SavageCJet al. A four-kallikrein panel for the prediction of repeat prostate biopsy: data from the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer screening in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Br. J. Cancer103(5), 708–714 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordstrom T , VickersA, AsselM, LiljaH, GronbergH, EklundM. Comparison between the four-kallikrein panel and prostate health index for predicting prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.68(1), 139–146 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin P , VickersAJ, SjobergDDet al. Improving the specificity of screening for lethal prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen and a panel of kallikrein markers: a nested case-control study. Eur. Urol.68(2), 207–213 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun K , SjobergDD, VickersAJ, LiljaH, BjartellAS. A four-kallikrein panel predicts high-grade cancer on biopsy: independent validation in a community cohort. Eur. Urol. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.04.028 (2015) ( Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlins SA , RhodesDR, PernerSet al. Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science310(5748), 644–648 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessels D , SmitFP, VerhaeghGW, WitjesJA, CornelEB, SchalkenJA. Detection of TMPRSS2–ERG fusion transcripts and prostate cancer antigen 3 in urinary sediments may improve diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.13(17), 5103–5108 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salami SS , SchmidtF, LaxmanBet al. Combining urinary detection of TMPRSS2: ERG and PCA3 with serum PSA to predict diagnosis of prostate cancer. Urol. Oncol.31(5), 566–571 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker HC , Kote-JaraiZ, Ross-AdamsHet al. The rs10993994 risk allele for prostate cancer results in clinically relevant changes in microseminoprotein-beta expression in tissue and urine. PLoS ONE5(10), e13363 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden SV , GuoZ, EpsteinJI, SidranskyD. Quantitative GSTP1 methylation clearly distinguishes benign prostatic tissue and limited prostate adenocarcinoma. J. Urol.169(3), 1138–1142 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeronimo C , HenriqueR, HoqueMOet al. A quantitative promoter methylation profile of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.10(24), 8472–8478 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agathanggelou A , CooperWN, LatifF. Role of the Ras-association domain family 1 tumor suppressor gene in human cancers. Cancer Res.65(9), 3497–3508 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama M , GonzalgoML, YegnasubramanianS, LinX, De MarzoAM, NelsonWG. GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation as a molecular biomarker for prostate cancer. J. Cell. Biochem.91(3), 540–552 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrotra J , VardeS, WangHet al. Quantitative, spatial resolution of the epigenetic field effect in prostate cancer. Prostate68(2), 152–160 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonn L , AnanthanarayananV, GannPH. Evidence for field cancerization of the prostate. Prostate69(13), 1470–1479 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai H , BrownRE. Field effect in cancer-an update. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.39(4), 331–337 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart GD , Van NesteL, DelvennePet al. Clinical utility of an epigenetic assay to detect occult prostate cancer in histopathologically negative biopsies: results of the MATLOC study. J. Urol.189(3), 1110–1116 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partin AW , Van NesteL, KleinEAet al. Clinical validation of an epigenetic assay to predict negative histopathological results in repeat prostate biopsies. J. Urol.192(4), 1081–1087 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojno KJ , CostaFJ, CornellRJet al. Reduced rate of repeated prostate biopsies observed in confirmMDx clinical utility field study. Am. Health Drug Benefits7(3), 129–134 (2014).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Den Bergh RC , RoemelingS, RoobolMJ, WoltersT, SchroderFH, BangmaCH. Prostate-specific antigen kinetics in clinical decision-making during active surveillance for early prostate cancer‐‐a review. Eur. Urol.54(3), 505–516 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatami A , AusG, DamberJE, LiljaH, LoddingP, HugossonJ. PSA doubling time predicts the outcome after active surveillance in screening-detected prostate cancer: results from the European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer, Sweden section. Int. J. Cancer120(1), 170–174 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloway MS , SolowayCT, WilliamsS, AyyathuraiR, KavaB, ManoharanM. Active surveillance; a reasonable management alternative for patients with prostate cancer: the Miami experience. BJU Int.101(2), 165–169 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitson JM , PortenSP, HiltonJFet al. The relationship between prostate specific antigen change and biopsy progression in patients on active surveillance for prostate cancer. J. Urol.185(5), 1656–1660 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iremashvili V , ManoharanM, LokeshwarSD, RosenbergDL, PanD, SolowayMS. Comprehensive analysis of post-diagnostic prostate-specific antigen kinetics as predictor of a prostate cancer progression in active surveillance patients. BJU Int.111(3), 396–403 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Francisco IF , WernerL, ReganMM, GarnickMB, BubleyG, DewolfWC. Risk stratification and validation of prostate specific antigen density as independent predictor of progression in men with low risk prostate cancer during active surveillance. J. Urol.185(2), 471–476 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel HD , FengZ, LandisP, TrockBJ, EpsteinJI, CarterHB. Prostate specific antigen velocity risk count predicts biopsy reclassification for men with very low risk prostate cancer. J. Urol.191(3), 629–637 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cary KC , CowanJE, SanfordMet al. Predictors of pathologic progression on biopsy among men on active surveillance for localized prostate cancer: the value of the pattern of surveillance biopsies. Eur. Urol.66(2), 337–342 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barayan GA , BrimoF, BeginLRet al. Factors influencing disease progression of prostate cancer under active surveillance: a McGill University Health Center cohort. BJU Int.114(6b), E99–E104 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dall'Era MA , KonetyBR, CowanJEet al. Active surveillance for the management of prostate cancer in a contemporary cohort. Cancer112(12), 2664–2670 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkitaraman R , NormanA, Woode-AmissahRet al. Predictors of histological disease progression in untreated, localized prostate cancer. J. Urol.178(3 Pt 1), 833–837 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb S , HanM, RoehlKA, AntenorJA, CatalonaWJ. Accuracy of prostate weight estimation by digital rectal examination versus transrectal ultrasonography. J. Urol.173(1), 63–65 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarov DV , IsharwalS, SokollLJet al. Pro-prostate-specific antigen measurements in serum and tissue are associated with treatment necessity among men enrolled in expectant management for prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.15(23), 7316–7321 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosoian JJ , LoebS, FengZet al. Association of [-2]proPSA with biopsy reclassification during active surveillance for prostate cancer. J. Urol.188(4), 1131–1136 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirama H , SugimotoM, ItoK, ShiraishiT, KakehiY. The impact of baseline [-2]proPSA-related indices on the prediction of pathological reclassification at 1 year during active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: the Japanese multicenter study cohort. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.140(2), 257–263 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosoian JJ , LoebS, KettermannAet al. Accuracy of PCA3 measurement in predicting short-term biopsy progression in an active surveillance program. J. Urol.183(2), 534–538 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merola R , TomaoL, AntenucciAet al. PCA3 in prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness detection on 407 high-risk patients: a National Cancer Institute experience. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.34(1), 15 (2015).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nam RK , SugarL, YangWet al. Expression of the TMPRSS2: ERG fusion gene predicts cancer recurrence after surgery for localised prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer97(12), 1690–1695 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam RK , SugarL, WangZet al. Expression of TMPRSS2: ERG gene fusion in prostate cancer cells is an important prognostic factor for cancer progression. Cancer Biol. Ther.6(1), 40–45 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saramaki OR , HarjulaAE, MartikainenPM, VessellaRL, TammelaTL, VisakorpiT. TMPRSS2: ERG fusion identifies a subgroup of prostate cancers with a favorable prognosis. Clin. Cancer Res.14(11), 3395–3400 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steurer S , MayerPS, AdamMet al. TMPRSS2–ERG fusions are strongly linked to young patient age in low-grade prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.66(6), 978–981 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Pra A , LalondeE, SykesJet al. TMPRSS2–ERG status is not prognostic following prostate cancer radiotherapy: implications for fusion status and DSB repair. Clin. Cancer Res.19(18), 5202–5209 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalan A , LevershaMA, SatagopanJMet al. TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusion is not associated with outcome in patients treated by prostatectomy. Cancer Res.69(4), 1400–1406 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogland AM , JensterG, Van WeerdenWMet al. ERG immunohistochemistry is not predictive for PSA recurrence, local recurrence or overall survival after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Mod. Pathol.25(3), 471–479 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minner S , EnodienM, SirmaHet al. ERG status is unrelated to PSA recurrence in radically operated prostate cancer in the absence of antihormonal therapy. Clin. Cancer Res.17(18), 5878–5888 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson A , GraffRE, BauerSRet al. The TMPRSS2: ERG rearrangement, ERG expression, and prostate cancer outcomes: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.21(9), 1497–1509 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FitzGerald LM , AgalliuI, JohnsonKet al. Association of TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusion with clinical characteristics and outcomes: results from a population-based study of prostate cancer. BMC Cancer8, 230 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boormans JL , PorkkaK, VisakorpiT, TrapmanJ. Confirmation of the association of TMPRSS2(exon 0):ERG expression and a favorable prognosis of primary prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.60(1), 183–184 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg KD , VainerB, ThomsenFBet al. ERG protein expression in diagnostic specimens is associated with increased risk of progression during active surveillance for prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.66(5), 851–860 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin DW , NewcombLF, BrownECet al. Urinary TMPRSS2: ERG and PCA3 in an active surveillance cohort: results from a baseline analysis in the Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study. Clin. Cancer Res.19(9), 2442–2450 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attard G , ClarkJ, AmbroisineLet al. Duplication of the fusion of TMPRSS2 to ERG sequences identifies fatal human prostate cancer. Oncogene27(3), 253–263 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagglof C , HammarstenP, StromvallKet al. TMPRSS2–ERG expression predicts prostate cancer survival and associates with stromal biomarkers. PLoS ONE9(2), e86824 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demichelis F , FallK, PernerSet al. TMPRSS2: ERG gene fusion associated with lethal prostate cancer in a watchful waiting cohort. Oncogene26(31), 4596–4599 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi M , YangX, ZhangFet al. ERG rearrangement is associated with prostate cancer-related death in Chinese prostate cancer patients. PLoS ONE9(2), e84959 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boormans JL , HermansKG, MadeACet al. Expression of the androgen-regulated fusion gene TMPRSS2–ERG does not predict response to endocrine treatment in hormone-naive, node-positive prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.57(5), 830–835 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinonen KA , TolonenTT, BrackenHet al. Association of SPINK1 expression and TMPRSS2: ERG fusion with prognosis in endocrine-treated prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.16(10), 2845–2851 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheville JC , KarnesRJ, TherneauTMet al. Gene panel model predictive of outcome in men at high-risk of systemic progression and death from prostate cancer after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J. Clin. Oncol.26(24), 3930–3936 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasi Tandefelt D , BoormansJL, Van Der KorputHA, JensterGW, TrapmanJ. A 36-gene signature predicts clinical progression in a subgroup of ERG-positive prostate cancers. Eur. Urol.64(6), 941–950 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnes RJ , ChevilleJC, IdaCMet al. The ability of biomarkers to predict systemic progression in men with high-risk prostate cancer treated surgically is dependent on ERG status. Cancer Res.70(22), 8994–9002 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor BS , SchultzN, HieronymusHet al. Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer. Cancer Cell18(1), 11–22 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya N , SlezakJM, LieberMM, BergstralhEJ, JenkinsRB. Clinical significance of alterations of chromosome 8 detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in pathologic organ-confined prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer34(4), 363–371 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke JA , ZafaranaG, IshkanianASet al. NKX3.1 haploinsufficiency is prognostic for prostate cancer relapse following surgery or image-guided radiotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res.18(1), 308–316 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W , XieCC, ThomasCYet al. Genetic markers associated with early cancer-specific mortality following prostatectomy. Cancer119(13), 2405–2412 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafarana G , IshkanianAS, MalloffCAet al. Copy number alterations of c-MYC and PTEN are prognostic factors for relapse after prostate cancer radiotherapy. Cancer118(16), 4053–4062 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris PL , AndayaA, FridlyandJet al. Whole genome scanning identifies genotypes associated with recurrence and metastasis in prostate tumors. Hum. Mol. Genet.13(13), 1303–1313 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris PL , WeinbergV, AlboGet al. A group of genome-based biomarkers that add to a Kattan nomogram for predicting progression in men with high-risk prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.16(1), 195–202 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns P , OkamiK, HalachmiSet al. Frequent inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1 in primary prostate cancer. Cancer Res.57(22), 4997–5000 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saal LH , JohanssonP, HolmKet al. Poor prognosis in carcinoma is associated with a gene expression signature of aberrant PTEN tumor suppressor pathway activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(18), 7564–7569 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinonen KA , SaramakiOR, FurusatoBet al. Loss of PTEN is associated with aggressive behavior in ERG-positive prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.22(12), 2333–2344 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto M , JoshuaAM, CunhaIWet al. Absence of TMPRSS2: ERG fusions and PTEN losses in prostate cancer is associated with a favorable outcome. Mod. Pathol.21(12), 1451–1460 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto M , CunhaIW, CoudryRAet al. FISH analysis of 107 prostate cancers shows that PTEN genomic deletion is associated with poor clinical outcome. Br. J. Cancer97(5), 678–685 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krohn A , DiedlerT, BurkhardtLet al. Genomic deletion of PTEN is associated with tumor progression and early PSA recurrence in ERG fusion-positive and fusion-negative prostate cancer. Am. J. Pathol.181(2), 401–412 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid AH , AttardG, AmbroisineLet al. Molecular characterisation of ERG, ETV1 and PTEN gene loci identifies patients at low and high risk of death from prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer102(4), 678–684 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall P , WittonCJ, GrimsleyS, NielsenKV, EdwardsJ. Is PTEN loss associated with clinical outcome measures in human prostate cancer?Br. J. Cancer99(8), 1296–1301 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraldeschi R , Nava RodriguesD, RiisnaesRet al. PTEN protein loss and clinical outcome from castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone acetate. Eur. Urol.67(4), 795–802 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorsen OJ , HaukaasSA, AkslenLA. Combined loss of PTEN and p27 expression is associated with tumor cell proliferation by Ki-67 and increased risk of recurrent disease in localized prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.9(4), 1474–1479 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y , SuJ, DingzhangXet al. PTEN deletion and heme oxygenase-1 overexpression cooperate in prostate cancer progression and are associated with adverse clinical outcome. J. Pathol.224(1), 90–100 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad I , PatelR, SinghLBet al. HER2 overcomes PTEN (loss)-induced senescence to cause aggressive prostate cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108(39), 16392–16397 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer DA , JamaspishviliT, WeiWet al. A multicenter study shows PTEN deletion is strongly associated with seminal vesicle involvement and extracapsular extension in localized prostate cancer. Prostate75(11), 1206–1215 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan TL , CarvalhoFL, PeskoeSBet al. PTEN loss is associated with upgrading of prostate cancer from biopsy to radical prostatectomy. Mod. Pathol.28(1), 128–137 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastian PJ , PalapattuGS, YegnasubramanianSet al. Prognostic value of preoperative serum cell-free circulating DNA in men with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. Clin. Cancer Res.13(18 Pt 1), 5361–5367 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross RW , GalskyMD, ScherHIet al. A whole-blood RNA transcript-based prognostic model in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a prospective study. Lancet Oncol.13(11), 1105–1113 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmos D , BrewerD, ClarkJet al. Prognostic value of blood mRNA expression signatures in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a prospective, two-stage study. Lancet Oncol.13(11), 1114–1124 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brase JC , JohannesM, SchlommTet al. Circulating miRNAs are correlated with tumor progression in prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer128(3), 608–616 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danila DC , AnandA, SchultzNet al. Analytic and clinical validation of a prostate cancer-enhanced messenger RNA detection assay in whole blood as a prognostic biomarker for survival. Eur. Urol.65(6), 1191–1197 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra S , LeytenGH, JanninkSAet al. KLK3, PCA3, and TMPRSS2–ERG expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction from castration-resistant prostate cancer patients and response to docetaxel treatment. Prostate74(12), 1222–1230 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher HI , HellerG, MolinaAet al. Circulating tumor cell biomarker panel as an individual-level surrogate for survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.33(12), 1348–1355 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzick J , SwansonGP, FisherGet al. Prognostic value of an RNA expression signature derived from cell cycle proliferation genes in patients with prostate cancer: a retrospective study. Lancet Oncol.12(3), 245–255 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepe MS , FengZ, JanesH, BossuytPM, PotterJD. Pivotal evaluation of the accuracy of a biomarker used for classification or prediction: standards for study design. J. Natl Cancer Inst.100(20), 1432–1438 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcshane LM , HayesDF. Publication of tumor marker research results: the necessity for complete and transparent reporting. J. Clin. Oncol.30(34), 4223–4232 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooperberg MR , SimkoJP, CowanJEet al. Validation of a cell-cycle progression gene panel to improve risk stratification in a contemporary prostatectomy cohort. J. Clin. Oncol.31(11), 1428–1434 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnen S , FreedlandSJ, PrestiJCJret al. Multi-institutional validation of the CAPRA-S score to predict disease recurrence and mortality after radical prostatectomy. Eur. Urol.65(6), 1171–1177 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalonde E , IshkanianAS, SykesJet al. Tumour genomic and microenvironmental heterogeneity for integrated prediction of 5-year biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol.15(13), 1521–1532 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzick J , BerneyDM, FisherGet al. Prognostic value of a cell cycle progression signature for prostate cancer death in a conservatively managed needle biopsy cohort. Br. J. Cancer106(6), 1095–1099 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooperberg MR , FreedlandSJ, PastaDJet al. Multi-institutional validation of the UCSF cancer of the prostate risk assessment for prediction of recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer107(10), 2384–2391 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishoff JT , FreedlandSJ, GerberLet al. Prognostic utility of the cell cycle progression score generated from biopsy in men treated with prostatectomy. J. Urol.192(2), 409–414 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford ED , ScholzMC, KarAJet al. Cell cycle progression score and treatment decisions in prostate cancer: results from an ongoing registry. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.30(6), 1025–1031 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein EA , CooperbergMR, Magi-GalluzziCet al. A 17-gene assay to predict prostate cancer aggressiveness in the context of Gleason grade heterogeneity, tumor multifocality, and biopsy undersampling. Eur. Urol.66(3), 550–560 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen J , RosnerIL, BrandTCet al. A biopsy-based 17-gene genomic prostate score predicts recurrence after radical prostatectomy and adverse surgical pathology in a racially diverse population of men with clinically low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.68(1), 123–131 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erho N , CrisanA, VergaraIAet al. Discovery and validation of a prostate cancer genomic classifier that predicts early metastasis following radical prostatectomy. PLoS ONE8(6), e66855 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooperberg MR , DavicioniE, CrisanA, JenkinsRB, GhadessiM, KarnesRJ. Combined value of validated clinical and genomic risk stratification tools for predicting prostate cancer mortality in a high-risk prostatectomy cohort. Eur. Urol.67(2), 326–333 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnes RJ , BergstralhEJ, DavicioniEet al. Validation of a genomic classifier that predicts metastasis following radical prostatectomy in an at risk patient population. J. Urol.190(6), 2047–2053 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AE , FengFY, GhadessiMet al. A genomic classifier predicting metastatic disease progression in men with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis.17(1), 64–69 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den RB , YousefiK, TrabulsiEJet al. Genomic classifier identifies men with adverse pathology after radical prostatectomy who benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy. J. Clin. Oncol.33(8), 944–951 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den RB , FengFY, ShowalterTNet al. Genomic prostate cancer classifier predicts biochemical failure and metastases in patients after postoperative radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.89(5), 1038–1046 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross RW , OhWK, XieWet al. Inherited variation in the androgen pathway is associated with the efficacy of androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.26(6), 842–847 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi N , HamadaA, SissungTet al. A polymorphism in a transporter of testosterone is a determinant of androgen independence in prostate cancer. BJU Int.102(5), 617–621 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M , XieW, MostaghelEet al. SLCO2B1 and SLCO1B3 may determine time to progression for patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.29(18), 2565–2573 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen RJ , MawjiNR, WangJet al. Regression of castrate-recurrent prostate cancer by a small-molecule inhibitor of the amino-terminus domain of the androgen receptor. Cancer Cell17(6), 535–546 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploussard G , TerryS, MaillePet al. Class III beta-tubulin expression predicts prostate tumor aggressiveness and patient response to docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Cancer Res.70(22), 9253–9264 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry S , PloussardG, AlloryYet al. Increased expression of class III beta-tubulin in castration-resistant human prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer101(6), 951–956 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danila DC , FleisherM, ScherHI. Circulating tumor cells as biomarkers in prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.17(12), 3903–3912 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danila DC , AnandA, SungCCet al. TMPRSS2–ERG status in circulating tumor cells as a predictive biomarker of sensitivity in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone acetate. Eur. Urol.60(5), 897–904 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okegawa T , ItayaN, HaraH, TamboM, NutaharaK. Circulating tumor cells as a biomarker predictive of sensitivity to docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Anticancer Res.34(11), 6705–6710 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonarakis ES , LuC, WangHet al. AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.371(11), 1028–1038 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutros PC , FraserM, HardingNJet al. Spatial genomic heterogeneity within localized, multifocal prostate cancer. Nat. Genet.47(7), 736–745 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper CS , EelesR, WedgeDCet al. Analysis of the genetic phylogeny of multifocal prostate cancer identifies multiple independent clonal expansions in neoplastic and morphologically normal prostate tissue. Nat. Genet.47(4), 367–372 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaananen RM , LiljaH, KaukoLet al. Cancer-associated changes in the expression of TMPRSS2–ERG, PCA3, and SPINK1 in histologically benign tissue from cancerous vs noncancerous prostatectomy specimens. Urology83(2), 511.e1–7 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar