The Effect of Frailty Should Be Considered in the Management Plan of Older People With Type 2 Diabetes

References

• Ricci P , BlotièrePO, WeillAet al. Diabète traité en France: quelles évolutions entre 2000 et 2009? Bull. Epidemiol. Hebd. 43, 425–431 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Boyle JP , ThompsonJT, GreggEWet al. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul. Health Metr.8(1), 29 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakimoto P , BlockG. Dietary intake, dietary patterns and changes with age: an epidemiological perspective. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.56, 65–80 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman H , FerrucciL, GuralnikJet al. Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm-issues and controversies. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.62A, 731–737 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Fried LP , TangenCM, WalstonJet al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.56A, M146–M156 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulos C , SalamehP, Barberger-GateauP. Malnutrition and frailty in community dwelling older adults living in a rural setting. Clin. Nutr. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.008 (2015) ( Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JSW , AuyeungTW, LeungJet al. The effect of diabetes mellitus on age-associated lean mass loss in 3153 older adults. Diabet. Med.27, 1366–1371 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi F , OnderG, BernabeiR. Sarcopenia and diabetes: two sides of the same coin. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc.14, 540–541 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenders M , VerdijkLB, van der HoevenLet al. Patients with type 2 diabetes show a greater decline in muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional capacity with aging. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc.14, 585–592 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi AA . Nutritional challenges in the elderly with diabetes. Intern. J. Diabetes Mellitus1, 26–31 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Kovesdy CP , ParkJC, Kalantar-ZadehK. Glycemic control and burnt-out diabetes in ESRD. Semin. Dial.23, 148–156 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh K , KoppleJD, RegidorDLet al. A1C and survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Diabetes Care30, 1049–1055 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh K , IkizlerTA, BlockGet al. Malnutrition–inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients: Causes and consequence. Am. J. Kidney Dis.42, 864–881 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovesdy CP , Kalantar-ZadehK. Why is protein-energy wasting associated with mortality in chronic kidney disease?Semin. Nephrol.29, 3–14 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm-Leen ER , HallYN, TamuraMKet al. Frailty and chronic kidney disease: the third national health and nutrition evaluation survey. Am. J. Med.122, 664–671 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen KL , ChertowGM, JinCet al. Significance of frailty among dialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.18, 2960–2967 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried LP , FerrucciL, DarerJet al. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.59, 255–263 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holley JL . The hypothalamic–pituitary axis in men and women with chronic kidney disease. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis.11, 334–341 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CP , LorenzoC, EspinozaSE. Frailty attenuates the impact of metformin on reducing mortality in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. J. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes.2, 1031 (2014).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalyani RR , VaradhanR, WeissCOet al. Frailty status and altered glucose–insulin dynamics. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.67, 1300–1306 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulet ED , HassaineA, DionneIJet al. Frailty in the elderly is associated with insulin resistance of glucose metabolism in the postabsorptive state only in the presence of increased abdominal fat. Exp. Gerontol.44, 740–744 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TN , ParkMS, YangSJet al. Prevalence and determinant factors of sarcopenia in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care33, 1497–1499 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skyler JS , BergenstalR, BonowROet al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.53, 298–304 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr RI , RayWA, DaughertyJRet al. Incidence and risk factors for serious hypoglycaemia in older persons using insulin or sulfonylureas. Arch. Intern. Med.157, 1681–1686 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feil DG , RajanM, SorokaOet al. Risk of hypoglycemia in older veterans with dementia and cognitive impairment: implications for practice and policy. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.59, 2263–2272 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmer RA , KarterAJ, YaffeKet al. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA301, 1565–1572 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aung PP , StrachanMWJ, FrierBMet al. Severe hypoglycaemia and late-life cognitive ability in older people with Type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. Diabet. Med.29, 328–336 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonds DE , MillerME, BergenstalRMet al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in Type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ340, b4909 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoungas S , PatelA, ChalmersJet al. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N. Engl. J. Med.363, 1410–1418 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilotto A , NoaleM, MaggiSet al. Hypoglycemia is independently associated with multidimensional impairment in elderly diabetic patients. Biomed. Res. Int.2014, 906103 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelhafiz AH , SinclairA. Low HbA1c and increased mortality risk-is frailty a confounding factor?Aging Dis.6(4), 262–270 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eeg-Olofsson K , CederholmJ, NilssonPMet al. New aspects of HbA1c as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). J. Intern. Med.268, 471–482 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elley CR , KenealyT, RobinsonEet al. Glycated haemoglobin and cardiovascular outcomes in people with Type 2 diabetes: a large prospective cohort study. Diabet. Med.25, 1295–1301 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar D , BozkurtB, RamasubbuKet al. Relationship of hemoglobin A1C and mortality in heart failure patients with diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54, 422–428 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie CJ , PetersJR, TynanAet al. Survival as a function of HbA (1c) in people with Type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet375, 481–489 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson AP , FoxCS, McGuireDKet al. Low hemoglobin A1c and risk of all-cause mortality among US adults without diabetes. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes3, 661–667 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shurraw S , HemmelgarnB, LinMet al. Association between glycemic control and adverse outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Arch. Intern. Med.171, 1920–1927 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Colayco DC , NiuF, MccombsJSet al. A1C and cardiovascular outcomes in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care34, 77–83 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricks J , MolnarMZ, KovesdyCPet al. Glycemic control and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients with diabetes. A 6-year cohort study. Diabetes.61, 708–715 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monami M , VitaleV, LamannaCet al. HbA1c levels and all-cause mortality in Type 2 diabetic patients: epidemiological evidence of the need for personalised therapeutic targets. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.23, 300–306 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols GA , Joshua-GotlibS, ParasuramanS. Glycemic control and risk of cardiovascular disease hospitalization and all-cause mortality. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.62, 121–127 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engoren M , SchwannTA, Arslanian-EngorenCet al. U-shape association between hemoglobin A1c and late mortality in patients with heart failure after cardiac surgery. Am. J. Cardiol.111, 1209–1213 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas J , CharltonJ, DreganAet al. Recent HbA1c values and mortality risk in Type 2 diabetes. Population-based case–control study. PLoS ONE8, e68008 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selvin E , SteffesMW, ZhuHet al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N. Engl. J. Med.362, 800–811 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson AP , FoxCS, McGuireDKet al. Low hemoglobin A1c and risk of all-cause mortality among US adults without diabetes. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes3, 661–667 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard RE , AndrewMK, FallahNet al. Comparison of the prognostic importance of diagnosed diabetes, co-morbidity and frailty in older people. Diabet. Med.27, 603–606 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson C , van GaalL, CatersonIDet al. Relationship between HbA1c levels and risk of cardiovascular adverse outcomes and all-cause mortality in overweight and obese cardiovascular high-risk women and men with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia55, 2348–2355 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucai L , SouthernWN, ZonszeinJ. Hypoglycemia-associated mortality is not drug-associated but linked to comorbidities. Am. J. Med.124, 1028–1035 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjoblom P , TengbladA, LofgrenUBet al. Can diabetes medication be reduced in elderly patients? An observational study of diabetes drug withdrawal in nursing home patients with tight glycaemic control. Dib. Res. Clin. Pract.82, 197–202 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelhafiz AH , ChakravortyP, GuptaSet al. Can hypoglycaemic medications be withdrawn in older people with Type 2 diabetes? Int. J. Clin. Pract. 68, 790–792 (2014).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holman RR , PaulSK, BethelMAet al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 1577–1589 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang ES , ZhangQ, GandraNet al. The effect of comorbid illness and functional status on the expected benefits of intensive glucose control in older patients with Type 2 diabetes: a decision analysis. Ann. Intern. Med.149, 11–19 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox DJ , KovatchevBP, Gonder-FrederickLAet al. Relationships between hyperglycemia and cognitive performance among adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care28, 71–77 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SJ , EngC. Goals of glycemic control in frail older patients with diabetes. JAMA305, 1350–1351 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang ES , LiuJY, MoffetHHet al. Glycemic control, complications, and death in older diabetic patients: the diabetes and aging study. Diabetes Care34, 1329–1336 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz AV , VittinghoffE, SellmeyerDE, Health, Aging, and Body Composition Studyet al. Diabetes-related complications, glycaemic control, and falls in older adults. Diabetes Care31, 391–396 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaum CS , VolpatoS, CappolaARet al. Diabetes, hyperglycaemia and mortality in disabled older women: The Women’s Health and Ageing Study I. Diabet. Med.22, 543–550 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto A , ArahOA, GotoMet al. Severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis with bias analysis. BMJ347, f4533 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelhafiz AH , SinclairAJ. Hypoglycaemia in residential care homes. Br. J. Gen. Pract.59, 49–50 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association . Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes – 2014. Diabetes Care37, S14–S80 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Mañas L , BayerAJ, KellyMet al. An evaluation of the effectiveness of a multi-modal intervention in frail and pre-frail older people with Type 2 diabetes – the MID-Frail study: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials15, 34 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar