212
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Omega-3 Fatty Acids As Adjunctive Therapeutics: Prospective of Nanoparticles in Its Formulation Development

, , , , ORCID Icon, & show all
Pages 851-868 | Received 19 Sep 2019, Accepted 19 Nov 2019, Published online: 16 Dec 2019

References

  • Calder PC . Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity. Lipids36(9), 1007–1024 (2001).
  • Covington MB . Omega-3 fatty acids. Am. Fam. Phys.70(1), 133–140 (2004).
  • Mori TA , BeilinLJ. Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids, blood lipids and cardiovascular risk reduction. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.12(1), 11–17 (2001).
  • Harris WS , MillerM , TigheAP , DavidsonMH , SchaeferEJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk: clinical and mechanistic perspectives. Atherosclerosis197(1), 12–24 (2008).
  • Avijit H , TripathiSK , GhoshA. Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fish oils. Indian J. Pharmacol.31(4), 247–264 (1999).
  • Simopoulos AP . Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.21(6), 495–505 (2002).
  • Gil A . Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother.56(8), 388–396 (2002).
  • Mori TA , BeilinLJ , BurkeV , MorrisJ , RitchieJ. Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.17(2), 279–286 (1997).
  • Mori TA , BeilinLJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.6(6), 461–467 (2004).
  • Connor WE . Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.71(1 Suppl.), 171S–175S (2000).
  • Kagawa Y , NishizawaM , SuzukiMet al. Eicosapolyenoic acids of serum lipids of Japanese islanders with low incidence of cardiovascular diseases. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol (Tokyo).28(4), 441–453 (1982).
  • Bang HO , DyerbergJ. Lipid metabolism and ischemic heart disease in Greenland Eskimos. In: Adv. Nutr.DraperHH ( Ed.). Springer, 1–22 (1980) .
  • Burr ML , FehilyAM , GilbertJFet al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet2(8666), 757–761 (1989).
  • Yokoyama M , OrigasaH , MatsuzakiMet al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet369(9567), 1090–1098 (2007).
  • Den Ruijter HM , BereckiG , OpthofT , VerkerkAO , ZockPL , CoronelR. Pro- and antiarrhythmic properties of a diet rich in fish oil. Cardiovasc. Res.73(2), 316–325 (2007).
  • London B , AlbertC , AndersonMEet al. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiac arrhythmias: prior studies and recommendations for future research: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office Of Dietary Supplements Omega-3 Fatty Acids and their Role in Cardiac Arrhythmogenesis Workshop. Circulation116(10), e320–e335 (2007).
  • Xiao YF , MorganJP , LeafA. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiac voltage-activated K(+) currents in adult ferret cardiomyocytes. Sheng Li Xue Bao54(4), 271–281 (2002).
  • Harris WS . n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.65(5 Suppl.), 1645S–1654S (1997).
  • Howe PR . Dietary fats and hypertension. Focus on fish oil. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.827, 339–352 (1997).
  • Morris MC , SacksF , RosnerB. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation88(2), 523–533 (1993).
  • Appel LJ , MillerER , 3rd , SeidlerAJ , WheltonPK. Does supplementation of diet with ‘fish oil’ reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch. Intern. Med.153(12), 1429–1438 (1993).
  • Sekikawa A , CurbJD , UeshimaHet al. Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids and atherosclerosis in Japanese, Japanese–American, and white men: a cross-sectional study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.52(6), 417–424 (2008).
  • Brown AA , HuFB. Dietary modulation of endothelial function: implications for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.73(4), 673–686 (2001).
  • Leaf A , WeberPC. Cardiovascular effects of n-3 fatty acids. New Engl. J. Med.318(9), 549–557 (1988).
  • Leslie CA , GonnermanWA , UllmanMD , HayesKC , FranzblauC , CathcartES. Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases arthritis susceptibility in mice. J. Exp. Med.162(4), 1336–1349 (1985).
  • Kremer JM , LawrenceDA , JubizWet al. Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunologic effects. Arthritis Rheum.33(6), 810–820 (1990).
  • Volker D , FitzgeraldP , MajorG , GargM. Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol.27(10), 2343–2346 (2000).
  • Feldmann M , MainiRN. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford).38(Suppl 2), 3–7 (1999).
  • Cleland LG , FrenchJK , BettsWH , MurphyGA , ElliottMJ. Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol.15(10), 1471–1475 (1988).
  • van der Tempel H , TullekenJE , LimburgPC , MuskietFA , van RijswijkMH. Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.49(2), 76–80 (1990).
  • Tulleken JE , LimburgPC , MuskietFA , van RijswijkMH. Vitamin E status during dietary fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.33(9), 1416–1419 (1990).
  • Espersen GT , GrunnetN , LervangHHet al. Decreased interleukin-1 beta levels in plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients after dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clin. Rheumatol.11(3), 393–395 (1992).
  • Sperling RI , WeinblattM , RobinJLet al. Effects of dietary supplementation with marine fish oil on leukocyte lipid mediator generation and function in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.30(9), 988–997 (1987).
  • Lee YH , BaeSC , SongGG. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Arch. Med. Res.43(5), 356–362 (2012).
  • Goldberg RJ , KatzJ. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain129(1-2), 210–223 (2007).
  • Vilaseca J , SalasA , GuarnerF , RodriguezR , MartinezM , MalageladaJR. Dietary fish oil reduces progression of chronic inflammatory lesions in a rat model of granulomatous colitis. Gut31(5), 539–544 (1990).
  • Hawthorne AB , DaneshmendTK , HawkeyCJet al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut33(7), 922–928 (1992).
  • Hillier K , JewellR , DorrellL , SmithCL. Incorporation of fatty acids from fish oil and olive oil into colonic mucosal lipids and effects upon eicosanoid synthesis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut32(10), 1151–1155 (1991).
  • John S , LubenR , ShresthaSS , WelchA , KhawKT , HartAR. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a UK prospective cohort study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.22(5), 602–606 (2010).
  • Barbosa DS , CecchiniR , ElKadri MZ , RodriguezMA , BuriniRC , DichiI. Decreased oxidative stress in patients with ulcerative colitis supplemented with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids. Nutrition19(10), 837–842 (2003).
  • Laidlaw TM , BoyceJA. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, old and new; implications for asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy42(9), 1313–1320 (2012).
  • Miyata J , AritaM. Role of omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites in asthma and allergic diseases. Allergol. Int.64(1), 27–34 (2015).
  • Bilal S , HaworthO , WuL , WeylandtKH , LevyBD , KangJX. Fat-1 transgenic mice with elevated omega-3 fatty acids are protected from allergic airway responses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1812(9), 1164–1169 (2011).
  • Morin C , FortinS , CantinAM , RousseauE. Docosahexaenoic acid derivative prevents inflammation and hyperreactivity in lung: implication of PKC-potentiated inhibitory protein for heterotrimeric myosin light chain phosphatase of 17 kD in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.45(2), 366–375 (2011).
  • Morin C , FortinS , CantinAM , RousseauE. MAG-EPA resolves lung inflammation in an allergic model of asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy43(9), 1071–1082 (2013).
  • Yokoyama A , HamazakiT , OhshitaAet al. Effect of aerosolized docosahexaenoic acid in a mouse model of atopic asthma. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.123(4), 327–332 (2000).
  • Li J , XunP , ZamoraDet al. Intakes of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs and fish in relation to incidence of asthma among American young adults: the CARDIA study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.97(1), 173–178 (2013).
  • Rahman M , BegS , AhmadMZet al. Omega-3 fatty acids as pharmacotherapeutics in psoriasis: current status and scope of nanomedicine in its effective delivery. Curr. Drug Targets14(6), 708–722 (2013).
  • Bourre JM , FrancoisM , YouyouAet al. The effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on the composition of nerve membranes, enzymatic activity, amplitude of electrophysiological parameters, resistance to poisons and performance of learning tasks in rats. Nutr. J.119(12), 1880–1892 (1989).
  • Niu SL , MitchellDC , LimSYet al. Reduced G protein-coupled signaling efficiency in retinal rod outer segments in response to n-3 fatty acid deficiency. J. Biol. Chem.279(30), 31098–31104 (2004).
  • Nilsson A , RadeborgK , SaloI , BjorckI. Effects of supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cognitive performance and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy 51 to 72 years old subjects: a randomized controlled cross-over study. Nutr. J.11, 99 (2012).
  • Kalmijn S , van BoxtelMP , OckeM , VerschurenWM , KromhoutD , LaunerLJ. Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology62(2), 275–280 (2004).
  • Hashimoto M , HossainS , ShimadaT , ShidoO. Docosahexaenoic acid-induced protective effect against impaired learning in amyloid beta-infused rats is associated with increased synaptosomal membrane fluidity. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol.33(10), 934–939 (2006).
  • Green KN , Martinez-CoriaH , KhashwjiHet al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid ameliorate amyloid-beta and tau pathology via a mechanism involving presenilin 1 levels. J. Neurosci.27(16), 4385–4395 (2007).
  • Ma QL , TeterB , UbedaOJet al. Omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid increases SorLA/LR11, a sorting protein with reduced expression in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD): relevance to AD prevention. J. Neurosci.27(52), 14299–14307 (2007).
  • D’Eliseo D , VelottiF. Omega-3 Fatty acids and cancer cell cytotoxicity: implications for multi-targeted cancer therapy. J. Clin. Med.5(2), pii: E15 (2016).
  • Berquin IM , EdwardsIJ , ChenYQ. Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by omega-3 fatty acids. Cancer Lett.269(2), 363–377 (2008).
  • Biondo PD , BrindleyDN , SawyerMB , FieldCJ. The potential for treatment with dietary long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids during chemotherapy. J. Nutr. Biochem.19(12), 787–796 (2008).
  • de Aguiar Pastore Silva J , Emiliade Souza Fabre M , WaitzbergDL. Omega-3 supplements for patients in chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: a systematic review. Clin. Nutr.34(3), 359–366 (2015).
  • Wang J , LuoT , LiS , ZhaoJ. The powerful applications of polyunsaturated fatty acids in improving the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.9(1), 1–7 (2012).
  • Yang T , FangS , ZhangHXet al. N-3 PUFAs have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on human colorectal cancer stem-like cells in vitro. J. Nutr. Biochem.24(5), 744–753 (2013).
  • Merendino N , CostantiniL , ManziL , MolinariR , D’EliseoD , VelottiF. Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA: a potential adjuvant in the treatment of cancer. Biomed. Res. Int.2013, 310186 (2013).
  • Siddiqui RA , HarveyK , StillwellW. Anticancer properties of oxidation products of docosahexaenoic acid. Chem. Phys. Lipids153(1), 47–56 (2008).
  • Siddiqui RA , HarveyKA , XuZ , BammerlinEM , WalkerC , AltenburgJD. Docosahexaenoic acid: a natural powerful adjuvant that improves efficacy for anticancer treatment with no adverse effects. BioFactors37(6), 399–412 (2011).
  • Hawkins RA , SangsterK , ArendsMJ. Apoptotic death of pancreatic cancer cells induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids varies with double bond number and involves an oxidative mechanism. J. Pathol.185(1), 61–70 (1998).
  • Rose DP , ConnollyJM. Effects of fatty acids and inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Cancer Res.50(22), 7139–7144 (1990).
  • Heimli H , GiskeC , NaderiS , DrevonCA , HollungK. Eicosapentaenoic acid promotes apoptosis in Ramos cells via activation of caspase-3 and -9. Lipids37(8), 797–802 (2002).
  • Rose DP , ConnollyJM. Dietary fat and breast cancer metastasis by human tumor xenografts. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.46(2-3), 225–237 (1997).
  • Karmali RA , ReichelP , CohenLAet al. The effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on the DU-145 transplantable human prostatic tumor. Anticancer Res.7(6), 1173–1179 (1987).
  • Rose DP , CohenLA. Effects of dietary menhaden oil and retinyl acetate on the growth of DU 145 human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells transplanted into athymic nude mice. Carcinogenesi.9(4), 603–605 (1988).
  • Kobayashi N , BarnardRJ , HenningSMet al. Effect of altering dietary omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratios on prostate cancer membrane composition, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2. Clin. Cancer Res.12(15), 4662–4670 (2006).
  • Funahashi H , SatakeM , HasanSet al. Opposing effects of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on pancreatic cancer growth. Pancreas36(4), 353–362 (2008).
  • Jacobsen C . Omega-3s in food emulsions: overview and case studies. Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech.19(5), 9–13 (2008).
  • Taneja A , ZhuX. The trouble with omega-3 oils. Funct. Ingred.26–28 (2006).
  • Taneja A , SinghH. Challenges for the delivery of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in functional foods. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol.3, 105–123 (2012).
  • Ries D . Studies on the Antioxidant Activity of Milk Proteins in Model Oil-in-Water Emulsions: A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Technology, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (PhD dissertation). Massey University (2009).
  • Shahidi F , HanXQ. Encapsulation of food ingredients. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.33(6), 501–547 (1993).
  • Garg M , WoodL , SinghH , MoughanP. Means of delivering recommended levels of long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human diets. J. Food Sci.71(5), R66–R71 (2006).
  • Deshpande D , JaneroDR , AmijiM. Engineering of an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing nanoemulsion system for combination C6-ceramide and 17beta-estradiol delivery and bioactivity in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Nanomedicine9(7), 885–894 (2013).
  • Shinde RL , DevarajanPV. Docosahexaenoic acid-mediated, targeted and sustained brain delivery of curcumin microemulsion. Drug Deliv.24(1), 152–161 (2017).
  • Deshpande D , KethireddyS , JaneroDR , AmijiMM. Therapeutic efficacy of an omega-3-fatty acid-containing 17-beta estradiol nano-delivery system against experimental atherosclerosis. PLoS One11(2), e0147337 (2016).
  • Garrastazu Pereira G , RawlingT , PozzoliMet al. Nanoemulsion-enabled oral delivery of novel anticancer omega-3 fatty acid derivatives. Nanomaterials (Basel)8(10), (2018).
  • Ahmad G , GattaceccaF , ElSadda Ret al. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic evaluations of a novel taxoid DHA-SBT-1214 in an oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation in naive and tumor-bearing mice. Pharm. Res.35(4), 91 (2018).
  • Ahmad G , ElSadda R , BotchkinaG , OjimaI , EganJ , AmijiM. Nanoemulsion formulation of a novel taxoid DHA-SBT-1214 inhibits prostate cancer stem cell-induced tumor growth. Cancer Lett.406, 71–80 (2017).
  • Ou W , MulikRS , AnwarA , McDonaldJG , HeX , CorbinIR. Low-density lipoprotein docosahexaenoic acid nanoparticles induce ferroptotic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic. Biol. Med.112, 597–607 (2017).
  • Reynolds L , MulikRS , WenX , DilipA , CorbinIR. Low-density lipoprotein-mediated delivery of docosahexaenoic acid selectively kills murine liver cancer cells. Nanomedicine14), 2123–2141 (2014).
  • Wen X , ReynoldsL , MulikRSet al. Hepatic arterial infusion of low-density lipoprotein docosahexaenoic acid nanoparticles selectively disrupts redox balance in hepatoma cells and reduces growth of orthotopic liver tumors in rats. Gastroenterology150(2), 488–498 (2016).
  • Moss LR , MulikRS , Van TreurenT , KimSY , CorbinIR. Investigation into the distinct subcellular effects of docosahexaenoic acid loaded low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles in normal and malignant murine liver cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1860(11 Pt A), 2363–2376 (2016).
  • Zu Y , HuY , YuX , JiangS. Docetaxel-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles conjugated docosahexaenoic acid for inhibiting lung cancer metastasis to bone. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem.17(4), 542–551 (2017).
  • Hussein J , RasheedW , RamzyTet al. Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid-loaded silver nanoparticles for improving endothelial dysfunctions in experimental diabetes. Hum. Exp. Toxicol.38(8), 962–973 (2019).
  • Guerzoni LP , NicolasV , AngelovaA. In vitro modulation of TrkB receptor signaling upon sequential delivery of curcumin-DHA loaded carriers towards promoting neuronal survival. Pharm. Res.34(2), 492–505 (2017).
  • Roy J , OliveiraLT , OgerCet al. Polymeric nanocapsules prevent oxidation of core-loaded molecules: evidence based on the effects of docosahexaenoic acid and neuroprostane on breast cancer cells proliferation. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.34, 155 (2015).
  • Khan AA , AlanaziAM , JabeenM , HassanI , BhatMA. Targeted nano-delivery of novel omega-3 conjugate against hepatocellular carcinoma: Regulating COX-2/bcl-2 expression in an animal model. Biomed. Pharmacother.81, 394–401 (2016).
  • Alaarg A , JordanNY , VerhoefJJ , MetselaarJM , StormG , KokRJ. Docosahexaenoic acid liposomes for targeting chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer: an in vitro assessment. Int. J. Nanomedicine11, 5027–5040 (2016).
  • Skibinski CG , DasA , ChenKMet al. A novel biologically active acid stable liposomal formulation of docosahexaenoic acid in human breast cancer cell lines. Chem. Biol. Interact.252, 1–8 (2016).
  • Mussi SV , SilvaRC , OliveiraMC , LucciCM , AzevedoRB , FerreiraLA. New approach to improve encapsulation and antitumor activity of doxorubicin loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.48(1-2), 282–290 (2013).
  • Jenski LJ , ZerougaM , StillwellW. Omega-3 fatty acid-containing liposomes in cancer therapy. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.210(3), 227–233 (1995).
  • Calle D , NegriV , BallesterosP , CerdanS. Magnetoliposomes loaded with poly-unsaturated fatty acids as novel theranostic anti-inflammatory formulations. Theranostics5(5), 489–503 (2015).
  • Cassano R , MellaceS , MarrelliM , ConfortiF , TrombinoS. alpha-Tocopheryl linolenate solid lipid nanoparticles for the encapsulation, protection, and release of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid: in vitro anti-melanoma activity evaluation. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces151, 128–133 (2017).
  • Serini S , CassanoR , CorsettoPA , RizzoAM , CalvielloG , TrombinoS. Omega-3 PUFA loaded in resveratrol-based solid lipid nanoparticles: physicochemical properties and antineoplastic activities in human colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci.19(2), E586 (2018).
  • Valdes SA , AlzhraniRF , RodriguezA , LansakaraPD , ThakkarSG , CuiZ. A solid lipid nanoparticle formulation of 4-(N)-docosahexaenoyl 2′, 2′-difluorodeoxycytidine with increased solubility, stability, and antitumor activity. Int. J. Pharm.570, 118609 (2019).
  • Sreedhar R , KumarVS , BhaskaranPillai AK , MangalathillamS. Omega-3 fatty acid based nanolipid formulation of atorvastatin for treating hyperlipidemia. Adv. Pharm. Bull.9(2), 271–280 (2019).
  • Khan S , GanguliM , AdityaA , KhanS , BabootaS , AliJ. Improved in vivo performance and immunomodulatory effect of novel Omega-3 fatty acid based Tacrolimus nanostructured lipid carrier. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.52, 138–149 (2019).
  • Rakotoarisoa M , AngelovB , GaramusVM , AngelovaA. Curcumin-and fish oil-loaded spongosome and cubosome nanoparticles with neuroprotective potential against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells. ACS Omega.4(2), 3061–3073 (2019).
  • Kaushik P , DowlingK , BarrowCJ , AdhikariB. Microencapsulation of omega-3 fatty acids: a review of microencapsulation and characterization methods. J. Funct. Foods.19, 868–881 (2015).
  • Arshady R . Microcapsules for food. J. Microencapsul.10(4), 413–435 (1993).
  • Risch SJ . Encapsulation: overview of uses and techniques. In: Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Food Ingredients.RischJS, GaryA ( Eds). Reineccius publisher: American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA (1995).
  • Gharsallaoui A , RoudautG , ChambinO , VoilleyA , SaurelR. Applications of spray-drying in microencapsulation of food ingredients: An overview. Food Res. Int.40(9), 1107–1121 (2007).
  • Nedovic V , KalusevicA , ManojlovicV , LevicS , BugarskiB. An overview of encapsulation technologies for food applications. Procedia Food Sci.1, 1806–1815 (2011).
  • Carneiro HC , TononRV , GrossoCR , HubingerMD. Encapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability of flaxseed oil microencapsulated by spray drying using different combinations of wall materials. J. Food Eng.115(4), 443–451 (2013).
  • Jimenez M , GarciaH , BeristainC. Spray‐dried encapsulation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with polymeric matrices. J. Sci. Food Agric.86(14), 2431–2437 (2006).
  • Jafari SM , AssadpoorE , BhandariB , HeY. Nano-particle encapsulation of fish oil by spray drying. Food Res. Int.41(2), 172–183 (2008).
  • Tonon RV , GrossoCR , HubingerMD. Influence of emulsion composition and inlet air temperature on the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying. Food Res. Int.44(1), 282–289 (2011).
  • Depypere F , DewettinckK , RonsseF , PietersJ. Food powder microencapsulation: principles, problems and opportunities. Appl. Biotechnol. Food Sci. Policy1(2), 75–94 (2003).
  • Ahmad MZ , AkhterS , MohsinNet al. Transformation of curcumin from food additive to multifunctional medicine: nanotechnology bridging the gap. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol.11(3), 197–213 (2014).
  • Ahmad MZ , AlkahtaniSA , AkhterSet al. Progress in nanotechnology-based drug carrier in designing of curcumin nanomedicines for cancer therapy: current state-of-the-art. J. Drug Target24(4), 273–293 (2016).
  • Gulotta A , SaberiAH , NicoliMC , McClementsDJ. Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for polyunsaturated (omega-3) oils: formation using a spontaneous emulsification method. J. Agric. Food Chem.62(7), 1720–1725 (2014).
  • Walker R , DeckerEA , McClementsDJ. Development of food-grade nanoemulsions and emulsions for delivery of omega-3 fatty acids: opportunities and obstacles in the food industry. Food Funct.6(1), 42–55 (2015).
  • McClements DJ , RaoJ. Food-grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, performance, biological fate, and potential toxicity. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.51(4), 285–330 (2011).
  • McClements DJ . Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance. Soft Matter.7(6), 2297–2316 (2011).
  • Forgiarini A , EsquenaJ , GonzalezC , SolansC. Formation of nano-emulsions by low-energy emulsification methods at constant temperature. Langmuir17(7), 2076–2083 (2001).
  • Anton N , BenoitJP , SaulnierP. Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from nano-emulsion templates-a review. J. Control. Rel.128(3), 185–199 (2008).
  • Kumar Dey T , GhoshS , GhoshM , KoleyH , DharP. Comparative study of gastrointestinal absorption of EPA & DHA rich fish oil from nano and conventional emulsion formulation in rats. Food Res. Int.49(1), 72–79 (2012).
  • Belhaj N , Arab-TehranyE , LinderM. Oxidative kinetics of salmon oil in bulk and in nanoemulsion stabilized by marine lecithin. Process. Biochem.45(2), 187–195 (2010).
  • Esquerdo VM , DottoGL , PintoLAA. Preparation of nanoemulsions containing unsaturated fatty acid concentrate-chitosan capsules. J. Colloid Interface Sci.445, 137–142 (2015).
  • Uluata S , McClementsDJ , DeckerEA. Physical stability, autoxidation, and photosensitized oxidation of omega-3 oils in nanoemulsions prepared with natural and synthetic surfactants. J. Agric. Food Chem.63(42), 9333–9340 (2015).
  • Kumar D , AliJ , BabootaS. Omega 3 fatty acid-enriched nanoemulsion of thiocolchicoside for transdermal delivery: formulation, characterization and absorption studies. Drug Deliv.23(2), 591–600 (2016).
  • Mishra V , BansalKK , VermaAet al. Solid lipid nanoparticles: emerging colloidal nano drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutics.10(4), (2018).
  • Manjunath K , ReddyJS , VenkateswarluV. Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.27(2), 127–144 (2005).
  • Tamjidi F , ShahediM , VarshosazJ , NasirpourA. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): a potential delivery system for bioactive food molecules. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol.19, 29–43 (2013).
  • Muller RH , RadtkeM , WissingSA. Nanostructured lipid matrices for improved microencapsulation of drugs. Int. J. Pharm.242(1-2), 121–128 (2002).
  • Shahparast Y , EskandaniM , RajaeiA , YariKhosroushahi A. Preparation, physicochemical characterization and oxidative stability of omega-3 fish oil/alpha-tocopherol-co-loaded nanostructured lipidic carriers. Adv. Pharm. Bull.9(3), 393–400 (2019).
  • Luzzati V , HussonF. The structure of the liquid–crystalline phasis of lipid–water systems. J. Cell. Biol.12, 207–219 (1962).
  • Garg G , SarafS , SarafS. Cubosomes: an overview. Biol. Pharm. Bull30(2), 350–353 (2007).
  • Borné J , NylanderT , KhanA. Effect of lipase on monoolein-based cubic phase dispersion (cubosomes) and vesicles. J. Phys. Chem. B.106(40), 10492–10500 (2002).
  • Drummond CJ , FongC. Surfactant self-assembly objects as novel drug delivery vehicles. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci.4(6), 449–456 (1999).
  • Anderson DM , WennerstroemH. Self-diffusion in bicontinuous cubic phases, L3 phases, and microemulsions. J. Phys. Chem.94(24), 8683–8694 (1990).
  • Spicer PT . Progress in liquid crystalline dispersions: cubosomes. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci.10(5-6), 274–279 (2005).
  • Angelova A , AngelovB , GaramusVM , DrechslerM. A vesicle-to-sponge transition via the proliferation of membrane-linking pores in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing lipid assemblies. J. Mol.279, 518–523 (2019).
  • Angelova A , DrechslerM , GaramusVM , AngelovB. Liquid crystalline nanostructures as pegylated reservoirs of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Structural insights toward delivery formulations against neurodegenerative disorders. ACS Omega.3(3), 3235–3247 (2018).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.