102
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Controlled-release Vaginal Ring drug-delivery Systems: a Key Strategy for the Development of Effective HIV Microbicides

, &
Pages 785-802 | Published online: 03 Dec 2010

Bibliography

  • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) 2009. AIDS epidemic update – November 2009. UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland (2009).
  • Miller CJ , McGheeJR, GardnerMB. Biology of disease: mucosal immunity, HIV transmission, and AIDS. Lab. Invest.68(2), 129–142 (1992).
  • Kiyono H , MillerCJ, LuYet al. The common mucosal immune system for the reproductive tract: basic principles applied toward an AIDS vaccine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 18(1), 23–51 (1995).
  • Grant AD , De Cock KM. HIV infection and AIDS in the developing world. In: ABC of AIDS. Adler MW (Ed.). BMJ Publishing Group, London, UK, 59–64 (2001).
  • Nicolosi A , Corrêa Leite ML, Musicco M, Arici C, Gavazzeni G, Lazzarin A. The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus – a study of 730 stable couples. Epidemiology5(6), 570–575 (1994).
  • Woolfson AD , MalcolmRK, TonerCFet al. Potential use of vaginal rings for prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV: a controlled-release strategy for HIV microbicides. Am. J. Drug Del. 4(1), 7–20 (2006).
  • Wira C , FaheyJ. A new strategy to understand how HIV infects women: identification of a window of vulnerability during the menstrual cycle. AIDS22(15), 1909–1917 (2008).
  • European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. BMJ304(6830), 809–813 (1992).
  • Padian NS , ShiboskiSC, GlassSO, VittinghoffE. Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in northern California: results from a ten-year study. Am. J. Epidemiol.146(4), 350–357 (1997).
  • Royce RA , SeñaA, CatesW, CohenMS. Current concepts – sexual transmission of HIV. N. Engl. J. Med.336(15), 1072–1078 (1997).
  • Johnston MI , FauciAS. An HIV vaccine – challenges and prospects. N. Engl. J. Med.359(9), 888–890 (2008).
  • Rerks-Ngarm S , PitisuttithumP, NitayaphanSet al. Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(23), 2209–2220 (2009).
  • Haut LH , ErtlHCJ. Obstacles to the successful development of an efficacious T cell-inducing HIV-1 vaccine. J. Leukocyte Biol.86(4), 779–793 (2009).
  • McGowan I . Microbicides: a new frontier in HIV prevention. Biologicals34(4), 241–255 (2006).
  • MacPhail C , Terris-PrestholtF, KumaranayakeL, NgoakoP, WattsC, ReesH. Managing men: women‘s dilemmas about overt and covert use of barrier methods for HIV prevention. Cult. Health Sex.11(5), 485–497 (2009).
  • Stone A , HarrisonPF. Microbicides – ways forward. Alliance for Microbicide Development. Silver Spring, MD, USA (2010).
  • Rohan LC , SassiAB. Vaginal drug-delivery systems for HIV prevention. AAPS J.11(1), 78–87 (2009).
  • das Neves J , BahiaMF. Gels as vaginal drug-delivery systems. Int. J. Pharm.318(1–2), 1–14 (2006).
  • Van Damme L , RamjeeG, AlaryMet al. Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360(9338), 971–977 (2002).
  • Moore JP , ShattockRJ. Preventing HIV-1 sexual transmission – not sexy enough science, or no benefit to the bottom line? J. Antimicrob. Chemoth.52(6), 890–892 (2003).
  • Keller MJ , MesquitaPMM, TorresNMet al. Postcoital bioavailability and antiviral activity of 0.5% PRO 2000 gel: implications for future microbicide clinical trials. PLoS ONE 5(1), e8781 (2010).
  • Skoler-Karpoff S , RamjeeG, AhmedKet al. Efficacy of Carraguard for prevention of HIV infection in women in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 372(9654), 1977–1987 (2008).
  • Nuttall J . Microbicides in the prevention of HIV infection – current status and future directions. Drugs70(10), 1231–1243 (2010).
  • Ramjee G . Microbicide research: current and future directions. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS5(4), 316–321 (2010).
  • Ludovici DW , De Corte BL, Kukla MJ et al. Evolution of anti-HIV drug candidates. Part 3: diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) analogs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.11(17), 2235–2239 (2001).
  • Di Fabio S , Van Roey J, Giannini G et al. Inhibition of vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in hu-SCID mice by the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor TMC120 in a gel formulation. AIDS17(11), 1597–1604 (2003).
  • Van Herrewege Y , MichielsJ, Van Roey J et al.In vitro evaluation of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors UC-781 and TMC120-R147681 as human immunodeficiency virus microbicides. Antimicrob. Agents Ch.48(1), 337–339 (2004).
  • Malcolm RK , WoolfsonAD, TonerCF, MorrowRJ, McCullaghSD. Long-term, controlled release of the HIV microbicide TMC120 from silicone elastomer vaginal rings. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth.56(5), 954–956 (2005).
  • Neurath AR , StrickN, LiYY. Role of seminal plasma in the anti-HIV-activity of candidate microbicides. BMC Infect. Dis.6(150), DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-150 (2006) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Woolfson AD , MalcolmRK, MorrowRJ, TonerCF, McCullaghSD. Intravaginal ring delivery of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor TMC 120 as an HIV microbicide. Int. J. Pharm.325(1–2), 82–89 (2006).
  • Gupta KM , PearceSM, PoursaidAEet al. Polyurethane intravaginal ring for controlled delivery of dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1. J. Pharm. Sci. 97(10), 4228–4239 (2008).
  • Nuttall JP , ThakeDC, LewisMG, FerkanyJW, RomanoJW, MitchnickMA. Concentrations of dapivirine in the rhesus macaque and rabbit following once daily intravaginal administration of a gel formulation of [14C]dapivirine for 7 days. Antimicrob. Agents Ch.52(3), 909–914 (2008).
  • Fletcher P , HarmanS, AzijnHet al. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the candidate microbicide dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antimicrob. Agents Ch. 53(2), 487–495 (2009).
  • Herrera C , CranageM, McGowanI, AntonP, ShattockR. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors as potential colorectal microbicides. Antimicrob. Agents Ch.53(5), 1797–1807 (2009).
  • Saxena BB , HanYA, FuDet al. Sustained release of microbicides by newly engineered vaginal rings. AIDS 23(8), 917–922 (2009).
  • Johnson TJ , GuptaKM, FabianJ, AlbrightTH, KiserPF. Segmented polyurethane intravaginal rings for the sustained combined delivery of antiretroviral agents dapivirine and tenofovir. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.39(4), 203–212 (2010).
  • Lederman MM , OffordRE, HartleyO. Microbicides and other topical strategies to prevent vaginal transmission of HIV. Nat. Rev. Immunol.6(5), 371–382 (2006).
  • Patton DL , SweeneyYTC, BalkusJEet al. Preclinical safety assessments of UC781 anti-human immunodeficiency virus topical microbicide formulations. Antimicrob. Agents Ch. 51(5), 1608–1615 (2007).
  • Buckheit RW , WatsonKM, MorrowKM, HamAS. Development of topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Antivir. Res.85(1), 142–158 (2010).
  • Barbaro G , ScozzafavaA, MastrolorenzoA, SupuranCT. Highly active antiretroviral therapy: current state of the art, new agents and their pharmacological interactions useful for improving therapeutic outcome. Curr. Pharm. Design11(14), 1805–1843 (2005).
  • Mayer KH , MaslankowskiLA, GaiFet al. Safety and tolerability of tenofovir vaginal gel in abstinent and sexually active HIV-infected and uninfected women. AIDS 20(4), 543–551 (2006).
  • Parikh UM , DobardC, SharmaSet al. Complete protection from repeated vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus exposures in macaques by a topical gel containing tenofovir alone or with emtricitabine. J. Virol. 83(20), 10358–10365 (2009).
  • Rohan LC , MonclaBJ, Kunjara Na Ayudhya RP et al.In vitro and ex vivo testing of tenofovir shows it is effective as an HIV-1 microbicide. PLoS ONE5(2), e9310 (2010).
  • Högberg M , SahlbergC, EngelhardtPet al. Urea-PETT compounds as a new class of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. 3. Synthesis and further structure-activity relationship studies of PETT analogs. J. Med. Chem. 42(20), 4150–4160 (1999).
  • D‘Cruz OJ , UckunFM. Dawn of non-nucleoside inhibitor-based anti-HIV microbicides. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth.57(3), 411–423 (2006).
  • Fernández-Romero JA , ThornM, TurvilleSGet al. Carrageenan/MIV-150 (PC-815), a combination microbicide. Sex. Transm. Dis. 34(1), 9–14 (2007).
  • Balzarini J , Van Damme L. Microbicide drug candidates to prevent HIV infection. Lancet369(9563), 787–797 (2007).
  • Abdool Karim Q , Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science329(5996), 1168–1174 (2010).
  • Woolfson AD , MalcolmRK, GallagherR. Drug delivery by the intravaginal route. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug17(5), 509–555 (2000).
  • Malcolm RK . The intravaginal ring. In: Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology. Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS (Eds). Marcel Dekker Inc., NY, USA, 775–790 (2003).
  • Brache V , Alvarez-SanchezF, FaundesA, JackaniczT, MishellDR, LähteenmäkiP. Progestin-only contraceptive rings. Steroids65(10–11), 687–691 (2000).
  • Dieben TOM , RoumenFJME, ApterD. Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet. Gynecol.100(3), 585–593 (2002).
  • Ayton RA , DarlingGM, MurkiesALet al. A comparative study of safety and efficacy of continuous low dose oestradiol released from a vaginal ring compared with conjugated equine oestrogen vaginal cream in the treatment of postmenopausal urogenital atrophy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 103(4), 351–358 (1996).
  • Barentsen R , van de Weijer PHM, Schram JHN. Continuous low dose estradiol released from a vaginal ring versus estriol vaginal cream for urogenital atrophy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gyn. R. B.71(1), 73–80 (1997).
  • Hardy E , HeblingEM, SousaMH, AlmeidaAF, AmaralE. Delivery of microbicides to the vagina: difficulties reported with the use of three devices, adherence to use and preferences. Contraception76(2), 126–131 (2007).
  • Chien YW . Novel Drug Delivery Systems (2nd Edition). Marcel Dekker Inc., NY, USA (1992).
  • Fraser IS , LacarraM, MishellDRet al. Vaginal epithelial surface appearances in women using vaginal rings for contraception. Contraception 61(2), 131–138 (2000).
  • Dragonas C , MaltarisT, BinderHet al. Progesterone bioavailability with a progesterone-releasing silicone vaginal ring in IVF candidates. Eur. J. Med. Res. 12(6), 264–267 (2007).
  • Lawrence EL , TurnerIG. Materials for urinary catheters: a review of their history and development in the UK. Med. Eng. Phys.27(6), 443–453 (2005).
  • Shastri PV . Toxicology of polymers for implant contraceptives for women. Contraception65(1), 9–13 (2002).
  • Russell JA , MalcolmRK, CampbellK, WoolfsonAD. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 17β-estradiol and 17β-estradiol-3-acetate solubilities and diffusion coefficients in silicone elastomeric intravaginal rings. J. Chromatogr. B744(1), 157–163 (2000).
  • Ballagh SA . Vaginal rings for menopausal symptom relief. Drug. Aging21(12), 757–766 (2004).
  • Malcolm RK , McCullaghSD, MorrowRJ, WoolfsonAD. Vagina and uterus as drug-absorbing organs. In: Enhancement in Drug Delivery. Touitou E, Barry BW (Eds). CRC Press, FL, USA, 395–440 (2006).
  • Henriksson L , StjernquistM, BoquistL, CedergrenI, SelinusI. A one-year multicenter study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low-dose, estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring®) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.174(1), 85–92 (1996).
  • Massai R , MirandaP, ValdesPet al. Preregistration study on the safety and contraceptive efficacy of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring in Chilean nursing women. Contraception 60(1), 9–14 (1999).
  • Massai R , DíazS, JackaniczT, CroxattoHB. Vaginal rings for contraception in lactating women. Steroids65(10–11), 703–707 (2000).
  • Massai R , QuinterosE, ReyesMVet al. Extended use of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring in nursing women: a Phase II clinical trial. Contraception 72(5), 352–357 (2005).
  • Zegers-Hochschild F , BalmacedaJP, FabresCet al. Prospective randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a vaginal ring releasing progesterone for IVF and oocyte donation. Hum. Reprod. 15(10), 2093–2097 (2000).
  • Timmer CJ , MuldersTMT. Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol released from a combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Clin. Pharmacokinet.39(3), 233–242 (2000).
  • Breitenbach J . Melt extrusion: from process to drug-delivery technology. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.54(2), 107–117 (2002).
  • van Laarhoven JAH , KruftMAB, VromansH. Effect of supersaturation and crystallization phenomena on the release properties of a controlled release device based on EVA copolymer. J. Control. Release82(2–3), 309–317, (2002).
  • van Laarhoven JAH , KruftMAB, VromansH. In vitro release properties of etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol from a contraceptive vaginal ring. Int. J. Pharm.232(1–2), 163–173 (2002).
  • Higuchi T . Mechanism of sustained-action medication – theoretical analysis of rate of release of solid drugs dispersed in solid matrices. J. Pharm. Sci.52(12), 1145–1149 (1963).
  • Malcolm K , WoolfsonD, RussellJ, TallonP, McAuleyL, CraigD. Influence of silicone elastomer solubility and diffusivity on the in vitro release of drugs from intravaginal rings. J. Control. Release90(2), 217–225 (2003).
  • Crank J . The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London, UK (1956).
  • Romano J , VarianoB, CoplanP, Van Roey J, Douville K, Rosenberg Z. Safety and availability of dapivirine (TMC120) delivered from an intravaginal ring. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses25(5), 483–488 (2009).
  • Nel A , SmytheS, YoungKet al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of dapivirine delivery from matrix and reservoir intravaginal rings to HIV-negative women. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 51(4), 416–423 (2009).
  • Morrow RJ , DonnellyL, CurranRMet al. A novel vaginal ring device for the sustained delivery of recombinant C-clade HIV-1 CN54gp140. Presented at: AIDS Vaccine 2009. Paris, France, 19–22 September 2009.
  • Promadej-Lanier N , SmithJM, SrinivasanPet al. Development and evaluation of a vaginal ring device for sustained delivery of HIV microbicides to non-human primates. J. Med. Primatol. 38(4), 263–271 (2009).
  • Veazey RS , ShattockRJ, PopeMet al. Prevention of virus transmission to macaque monkeys by a vaginally applied monoclonal antibody to HIV-1 gp120. Nat. Med. 9(3), 343–346 (2003).
  • Shively CA , WoodCE, RegisterTCet al. Hormone therapy effects on social behavior and activity levels of surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32(8–10), 981–990 (2007).
  • Wood CE , RegisterTC, LeesCJ, ChenH, KimreyS, ClineJM. Effects of estradiol with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on risk markers for breast cancer in postmenopausal monkeys. Breast Cancer Res. Tr.101(2), 125–134 (2007).
  • Wallace GS , Cheng-MayerC, SchitoMLet al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid inhibitors impede trans infection in cellular and explant models and protect nonhuman primates from infection. J. Virol. 83(18), 9175–9182 (2009).
  • Yu RR , ChengAT, LagenaurLAet al. A Chinese rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model for vaginal Lactobacillus colonization and live microbicide development. J. Med. Primatol. 38(2), 125–136 (2009).
  • Moss J , SmithJ, MaloneAMet al. In vitro and in vivo release of tenofovir from silicone intravaginal rings. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Moss J , BaumM, MaloneAet al. In vitro release of tenofovir and acyclovir from a silicone vaginal ring platform. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Han YA , SinghM, SaxenaBB. Development of vaginal rings for sustained release of nonhormonal contraceptives and anti-HIV agents. Contraception76(2), 132–138 (2007).
  • Nel AA , CoplanP, van de Wijgert JH et al. Safety, tolerability, and systemic absorption of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women. AIDS23(12), 1531–1538 (2009).
  • Martinez J , CoplanP, WainbergMA. Is HIV drug resistance a limiting factor in the development of anti-HIV NNRTI and NRTI-based vaginal microbicide strategies? Antivir. Res.71(2–3), 343–350 (2006).
  • Hughes A , BarberT, NelsonM. New treatment options for HIV salvage patients: an overview of second generation PIs, NNRTIs, integrase inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists. J. Infection57(1), 1–10 (2008).
  • Shattock R , SolomonS. Microbicides – aids to safer sex. Lancet363(9414), 1002–1003 (2004).
  • Loxley A , GokhaleA, McConnellJ, OkohO, EdwardsKL, MitchnickM. Combination ethylene vinyl acetate intravaginal vaginal rings containing dapivirine and maraviroc. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • McBride M , BoydP, FetherstonSet al. Preclinical stability evaluation of vaginal rings containing dapivirine and maraviroc. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Berthoux L , PéchouxC, DarlixJL. Multiple effects of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleocapsid inhibitor on virus morphology and replication. J. Virol.73(12), 10000–10009 (1999).
  • Rice WG , TurpinJA, SchaefferCAet al. Evaluation of selected chemotypes in coupled cellular and molecular target-based screens identifies novel HIV-1 zinc finger inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 39(19), 3606–3616 (1996).
  • Srivastava P , SchitoM, FattahRJet al. Optimization of unique, uncharged thioesters as inhibitors of HIV replication. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 12(24), 6437–6450 (2004).
  • Veazey RS , KlassePJ, KetasTJet al. Use of a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor in macaques to treat simian immunodeficiency virus infection or prevent simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Exp. Med. 198(10), 1551–1562 (2003).
  • Veazey RS , SpringerMS, MarxPA, DufourJ, KlassePJ, MooreJP. Protection of macaques from vaginal SHIV challenge by an orally delivered CCR5 inhibitor. Nat. Med.11(12), 1293–1294 (2005).
  • Veazey RS , KlassePJ, SchaderSMet al. Protection of macaques from vaginal SHIV challenge by vaginally delivered inhibitors of virus-cell fusion. Nature 438(7064), 99–102 (2005).
  • Eggink D , LangedijkJPM, BonvinAMJJet al. Detailed mechanistic insights into HIV-1 sensitivity to three generations of fusion inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 284(39), 26941–26950 (2009).
  • Cerini F , LandayA, GichingaCet al. Chemokine analogs show suitable stability for development as microbicides. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 49(5), 472–476 (2008).
  • Ham AS , CostMR, SassiAB, DezzuttiCS, RohanLC. Targeted delivery of PSC-RANTES for HIV-1 prevention using biodegradable nanoparticles. Pharm. Res.26(3), 502–511 (2009).
  • Major I , LowryD, MalcolmK, WoolfsonD, CohenJ, LaBarreP. Development of a microbicide-releasing SILCS diaphragm. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Yang CC , MaravillaKR, Kilbourne-BrookM, AustinG. Magnetic resonance imaging of SILCS diaphragm: anatomical considerations and corroboration with clinical fit. Contraception76(3), 238–244 (2007).
  • Schwartz JL , BallaghSA, CreininMDet al. SILCS diaphragm: postcoital testing of a new single-size contraceptive device. Contraception 78(3), 237–244 (2008).
  • Romano JW , NuttallJ, SmytheS, NelA. Dapivirine vaginal ring design and drug load effects on in vitro drug release and intravaginal drug distribution in women. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Lowry D , FetherstonS, McConvilleC, WoolfsonD, MalcolmK. Silicone elastomer rings for sustained delivery of HIV microbicides: correlating historical in vitro and in vivo release data. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Clark J , NagarajaU, TuitupouAet al. Sustained delivery of tenofovir from polyurethane intravaginal rings. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Mawson P , SingerR, MenonRet al. Development of silicone vaginal rings for delivery of MIV-150 as a microbicide. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • McConville C , FriendD, WoolfsonD, MalcolmK. Safety testing of silicone elastomer matrix vaginal rings containing UC781 and Tween 80 using epivaginal (VEC-606) tissues. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • McConville C , FriendD, WoolfsonD, MalcolmK. A two-compartment in vitro release model for the testing of HIV microbicide formulations. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Ho EA , TuitupouA, ElgendyH, ClarkMR, FriendDR, KiserPF. A polyurethane intravaginal ring for the delivery of UC781. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Damian FR , HoEA, ClarkMR, FriendDR, KiserPF. Dual protection polyurethane intravaginal rings for the simultaneous delivery of levonorgestrel and UC781. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Fetherston S , MalcolmK, WoolfsonD, LaceyC, ShattockR. Formulation development of matrix-type silicone elastomer vaginal rings containing protease inhibitors. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Fetherston S , MalcolmK, WoolfsonD, Le Grand R, Bosquet N. In vivo safety study in Macacafascicularis on matrix-type silicone elastomer vaginal rings loaded with saquinavir. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Ugaonkar S , WatsonKM, BuckheitRW Jr, Kiser PF. Delivery of a SAMT (NCp7 inhibitor) from an intravaginal ring. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Johnson T , SrinivasanP, AlbrightTet al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a pyrimidinedione reverse transcriptase inhibitor in pig-tailed macaques using elastomeric intravaginal rings. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Malcolm K , LowryD, GreenLet al. Pre-treatment with Depo-Provera modifies the pharmacokinetics of CMPD167 in rhesus macaques following vaginal ring administration. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.
  • Clark JT , KaurM, KiserPF. Design of an intravaginal ring for the simultaneous delivery of IQP-0528 and tenofovir. Presented at: Microbicides: Building Bridges in HIV Prevention. Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 22–25 May 2010.

Patent

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.