Intracranial Drug Delivery for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

• de Rooij NK , LinnFH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry78(12), 1365–1372 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gijn J , RinkelGJ. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain124, 249–278 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velthuis BK , RinkelGJ, RamosLMet al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: aneurysm detection and preoperative evaluation with CT angiography. Radiology 208, 423–430 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL , LawesCM, BennettDA, AndersonCS. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th Century. Lancet Neurol.2(1), 43–53 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwkamp DJ , SetzLE, AlgraA, LinnFH, de Rooij NK, Rinkel GJ. Changes in case fatality of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and region: a meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol.8(7), 635–642 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns J Jr, Hauser WA. The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review. Epilepsia44(Suppl. 10), 2–10 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consensus conference. Rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury. NIH consensus development panel on rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury. JAMA282(10), 974–983 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel M , BoscardinWJ, ObristWDet al. Posttraumatic vasospasm: the epidemiology, severity, and time course of an underestimated phenomenon: a prospective study performed in 299 patients. J. Neurosurg. 103(5), 812–824 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armin SS , ColohanAR, ZhangJH. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: our current understanding and its evolution over the past half century. Neurol. Res.28(4), 445–452 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall LF , MarshallSB, KlauberMR. A new classification of head injury based on computed tomography. J. Neurosurg.75(Suppl.), S14–S20 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray GD , ButcherI, McHughGSet al. Multivariable prognostic analysis in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J. Neurotrauma 24(2), 329–337 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GK , YeungJH, GrahamCA, ZhuXL, RainerTH, PoonWS. Neurological outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury and its relationship with computed tomography patterns of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg.114(6), 1510–1515 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiter KT , CopelandD, BernardiniGLet al. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 33(1), 200–208 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Khindi T , MacdonaldRL, SchweizerTA. Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke41(8), e519–e536 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frontera JA , FernandezA, SchmidtJMet al. Defining vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: what is the most clinically relevant definition? Stroke 40(6), 1963–1968 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassell NF , TornerJC, HaleyEC Jr, Jane JA, Adams HP, Kongable GL. The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J. Neurosurg.73(1), 18–36 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergouwen MD , de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Roos YB. Effect of statin treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and functional outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Stroke41(1), e47–e52 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosengart AJ , SchultheissKE, TolentinoJ, MacdonaldRL. Prognostic factors for outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke38(8), 2315–2321 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B , BondM. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. A practical scale. Lancet1, 480–484 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tymianski M . Can molecular and cellular neuroprotection be translated into therapies for patients? Yes, but not the way we tried it before. Stroke41(Suppl. 10), S87–S90 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G , JennettB. Assessment of impaired consciousness and coma: a practical scale. Lancet2, 81–84 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald RL , KassellNF, MayerSet al. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke 39(11), 3015–3021 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald RL , RosengartA, HuoD, KarrisonT. Factors associated with the development of vasospasm after planned surgical treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg.99(4), 644–652 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soustiel JF , ShikV. Posttraumatic basilar artery vasospasm. Surg. Neurol.62(3), 201–206 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin NA , DobersteinC, AlexanderMet al. Posttraumatic cerebral arterial spasm. J. Neurotrauma 12(5), 897–901 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Server A , DullerudR, HaakonsenM, NakstadPH, JohnsenUL, MagnaesB. Post-traumatic cerebral infarction. Neuroimaging findings, etiology and outcome. Acta Radiologica42, 254–260 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald RL , WeirB. Cerebral Vasospasm. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Weir B , GraceM, HansenJ, RothbergC. Time course of vasospasm in man. J. Neurosurg.48(2), 173–178 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dankbaar JW , RijsdijkM, van der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, Wermer MJ, Rinkel GJ. Relationship between vasospasm, cerebral perfusion, and delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology51(12), 813–819 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley RW , MedelR, DumontASet al. Angiographic vasospasm is strongly correlated with cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 42(4), 919–923 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergouwen MD , VermeulenM, CoertBA, StroesES, RoosYB. Microthrombosis after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an additional explanation for delayed cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.28(11), 1761–1770 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergouwen MD , VermeulenM, vanGJet al. Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke 41(10), 2391–2395 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreier JP , MajorS, ManningAet al. Cortical spreading ischaemia is a novel process involved in ischaemic damage in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Brain 132(Pt 7), 1866–1881 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald RL , PlutaRM, ZhangJH. Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the emerging revolution. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol.3(5), 256–263 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorhout Mees SM , RinkelGJ, FeiginVLet al. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (3), CD000277 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergouwen MD , EtminanN, IlodigweD, MacdonaldRL. Lower incidence of cerebral infarction correlates with improved functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.31(7), 1545–1553 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou CH , ReedSD, AllsbrookJS, SteeleJL, SchulmanKA, AlexanderMJ. Costs of vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery67(2), 345–352 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng MY . Summary of evidence on immediate statins therapy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit. Care15(2), 298–301 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GK , BoetR, PoonWSet al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Care 15(1), R52 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald RL , HigashidaRT, KellerEet al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol. 10(7), 618–625 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porchet F , ChioleroR, de Tribolet N. Hypotensive effect of nimodipine during treatment for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir.137(1–2), 62–69 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radhakrishnan D , MenonDK. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous nimodipine following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: implications for monitoring. Anaesthesia52(5), 489–491 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanggi D , TurowskiB, BeseogluK, YongM, SteigerHJ. Intra-arterial nimodipine for severe cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: influence on clinical course and cerebral perfusion. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.29(6), 1053–1060 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH , ParkIS, ParkKB, KangDH, HwangSH. Intraarterial nimodipine infusion to treat symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc.46(3), 239–244 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergouwen MD , VermeulenM, de Haan RJ, Levi M, Roos YB. Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists increase fibrinolytic activity: a systematic review. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.27(7), 1293–1308 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreier JP , WindmullerO, PetzoldG, LindauerU, EinhauplKM, DirnaglU. Ischemia triggered by red blood cell products in the subarachnoid space is inhibited by nimodipine administration or moderate volume expansion/hemodilution in rats. Neurosurgery51(6), 1457–1465 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen GS , AhnHS, PreziosiTJet al. Cerebral arterial spasm – a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med. 308(11), 619–624 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen J , JensenF, MikkelsenE, JakobsenP. Nimodipine treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg.90(4), 329–337 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt JF , WaldemarG, PaulsonOB. The acute effect of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow, its CO2 reactivity, and cerebral oxygen metabolism in human volunteers. Acta Neurochir. (Wien.)111(1–2), 49–53 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biondi A , RicciardiGK, PuybassetLet al. Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: preliminary results. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 25(6), 1067–1076 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanggi D , BeseogluK, TurowskiB, SteigerHJ. Feasibility and safety of intrathecal nimodipine on posthaemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm refractory to medical and endovascular therapy. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg.110(8), 784–790 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima A , KasuyaH, SasaharaA, MiyajimaM, IzawaM, HoriT. Prevention of cerebral vasospasm by nicardipine prolonged-release implants in dogs. Neurol. Res.22(6), 634–641 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasahara A , KasuyaH, KawashimaA, AiharaY, IzawaM, HoriT. The efficacy and safety of the nicardipine prolonged-release implant in a canine double hemorrhage model. No Shinkei Geka28(12), 1071–1075 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasuya H , OndaH, TakeshitaM, OkadaY, HoriT. Efficacy and safety of nicardipine prolonged-release implants for preventing vasospasm in humans. Stroke33(4), 1011–1015 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasuya H , OndaH, SasaharaA, TakeshitaM, HoriT. Application of nicardipine prolonged-release implants: analysis of 97 consecutive patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery56(5), 895–902 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth M , CapelleHH, WeidauerSet al. Effect of nicardipine prolonged-release implants on cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, double-blind phase IIa study. Stroke 38(2), 330–336 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasuya H . Clinical trial of nicardipine prolonged-release implants for preventing cerebral vasospasm: multicenter cooperative study in Tokyo. Acta Neurochir. Suppl.110(2), 165–167 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dreier JP , KornerK, EbertNet al. Nitric oxide scavenging by hemoglobin or nitric oxide synthase inhibition by N-nitro-L-arginine induces cortical spreading ischemia when K+ is increased in the subarachnoid space. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18, 978–990 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omeis I , JaysonNA, MuraliR, AbrahamsJM. Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with biocompatible controlled-release systems for intracranial drug delivery. Neurosurgery63(6), 1011–1019 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brem H , PiantadosiS, BurgerPCet al. Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. The polymer-brain tumor treatment group. Lancet 345(8956), 1008–1012 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J , JalloGI, PennoMBet al. Intracranial drug-delivery scaffolds: biocompatibility evaluation of sucrose acetate isobutyrate gels. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 215(1), 64–70 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae A , LingEA, HjorthS, DahlstromA, MasonD, TiceT. Catecholamine-containing biodegradable microsphere implants as a novel approach in the treatment of CNS neurodegenerative disease. A review of experimental studies in DA-lesioned rats. Mol. Neurobiol.9(1–3), 191–205 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlongan CV , SkinnerSJ, GeaneyM, VasconcellosAV, ElliottRB, EmerichDF. Neuroprotection by encapsulated choroid plexus in a rodent model of Huntington‘s disease. Neuroreport15(16), 2521–2525 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brem H , EwendMG, PiantadosiS, GreenhootJ, BurgerPC, SistiM. The safety of interstitial chemotherapy with BCNU-loaded polymer followed by radiation therapy in the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant gliomas: phase I trial. J. Neurooncol.26(2), 111–123 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui FZ , TianWM, HouSP, XuQY, LeeIS. Hyaluronic acid hydrogel immobilized with RGD peptides for brain tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.17(12), 1393–1401 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KH , LukovitsT, FriedmanJA. ‘Triple-H‘ therapy for cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit. Care4(1), 68–76 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debinski W , TatterSB. Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of brain tumors. Expert. Rev. Neurother.9(10), 1519–1527 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunwar S , ChangS, WestphalMet al. Phase III randomized trial of CED of IL13-PE38QQR vs Gliadel wafers for recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro. Oncol. 12(8), 871–881 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis DH . Controlled release of bioactive agents from lactide/glycolide polymers. In: Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems. Chasin M, Langer R (Eds). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 1–41 (1990)
   Google Scholar
• Fournier E , PassiraniC, Montero-MeneiCN, BenoitJP. Biocompatibility of implantable synthetic polymeric drug carriers: focus on brain biocompatibility. Biomaterials24(19), 3311–3331 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux DF , O‘ConnellSM. Biomaterials used in hernia repair, abdominal wall replacement, and the intestinal sling procedure. In: Implantation Biology. The Host Response and Biomedical Devices. Greco RS (Ed.). CRC Press, London, UK 229–314 (1994)
   Google Scholar
• Holland SJ , TigheBJ, GouldPL. Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. 1. The potential of polyesters as controlled macromolecular release systems. J. Control. Release4, 155–180 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Barth M , PenaP, SeizMet al. Feasibility of intraventricular nicardipine prolonged release implants in patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br. J. Neurosurg. (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visscher GE , PearsonJE, FongJW, ArgentieriGJ, RobisonRL, MauldingHV. Effect of particle size on the in vitro and in vivo degradation rates of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.22(8), 733–746 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata Y , IkadaY. Drug delivery systems for antitumor activation of macrophages. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.7(2), 121–148 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemperle G , MorhennVB, PestonjamaspV, GalloRL. Migration studies and histology of injectable microspheres of different sizes in mice. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.113(5), 1380–1390 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarata PJ , SuryanarayananR, TurnerDA, ParkerRG, EbnerTJ. Sustained release of nerve growth factor from biodegradable polymer microspheres. Neurosurgery30(3), 313–319 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menei P , DanielV, Montero-MeneiC, BrouillardM, Pouplard-BarthelaixA, BenoitJP. Biodegradation and brain tissue reaction to poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Biomaterials14(6), 470–478 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae A , HjorthS, DahlstromA, DillonL, MasonD, TiceT. Dopamine fiber growth induction by implantation of synthetic dopamine-containing microspheres in rats with experimental hemi-parkinsonism. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol.16(1–2), 123–141 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menei P , JadaudE, FaisantNet al. Stereotaxic implantation of 5-fluorouracil-releasing microspheres in malignant glioma. Cancer 100(2), 405–410 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menei P , CapelleL, GuyotatJet al. Local and sustained delivery of 5-fluorouracil from biodegradable microspheres for the radiosensitization of malignant glioma: a randomized phase II trial. Neurosurgery 56(2), 242–248 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabel M , GieseA. Safety profile of carmustine wafers in malignant glioma: a review of controlled trials and a decade of clinical experience. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.24(11), 3239–3257 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidar Z , MardorY, JonasTet al. Convection-enhanced delivery of paclitaxel for the treatment of recurrent malignant glioma: a phase I/II clinical study. J. Neurosurg. 100(3), 472–479 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krischek B , KasuyaH, OndaH, HoriT. Nicardipine prolonged-release implants for preventing cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: effect and outcome in the first 100 patients. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo)47(9), 389–394 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muck W , BreuelHP, KuhlmannJ. The influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of nimodipine. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.34(7), 293–298 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas AI , RoozenbeekB, ManleyGT. Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury: past experience and current developments. Neurotherapeutics7(1), 115–126 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vajkoczy P , MeyerB, WeidauerSet al. Clazosentan (AXV-034343), a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase IIa study. J. Neurosurg. 103(1), 9–17 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Website

• Census Bureau. www.census.gov (Accessed 11May2010)
   Google Scholar