2,220
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Paper

A nonapoptotic role for CASP2/caspase 2

Modulation of autophagy

, , , , , & show all
Pages 1054-1070 | Received 14 Jul 2013, Accepted 13 Mar 2014, Published online: 04 Apr 2014

References

  • Chang YY, Juhász G, Goraksha-Hicks P, Arsham AM, Mallin DR, Muller LK, Neufeld TP. Nutrient-dependent regulation of autophagy through the target of rapamycin pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:232 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST0370232; PMID: 19143638
  • Kuma A, Hatano M, Matsui M, Yamamoto A, Nakaya H, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y, Tokuhisa T, Mizushima N. The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period. Nature 2004; 432:1032 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03029; PMID: 15525940
  • Pattingre S, Espert L, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Codogno P. Regulation of macroautophagy by mTOR and Beclin 1 complexes. Biochimie 2008; 90:313 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2007.08.014; PMID: 17928127
  • Mizushima N. Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev 2007; 21:2861 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1599207; PMID: 18006683
  • Scott RC, Juhász G, Neufeld TP. Direct induction of autophagy by Atg1 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death. Curr Biol 2007; 17:1 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.053; PMID: 17208179
  • Wang M, Hossain MS, Tan W, Coolman B, Zhou J, Liu S, Casey PJ. Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase induces autophagic-dependent apoptosis and impairs tumor growth. Oncogene 2010; 29:4959 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.247; PMID: 20622895
  • Yu L, Alva A, Su H, Dutt P, Freundt E, Welsh S, Baehrecke EH, Lenardo MJ. Regulation of an ATG7-beclin 1 program of autophagic cell death by caspase-8. Science 2004; 304:1500 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096645; PMID: 15131264
  • Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell 2008; 132:27 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.018; PMID: 18191218
  • Rubinsztein DC, Gestwicki JE, Murphy LO, Klionsky DJ. Potential therapeutic applications of autophagy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:304 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd2272; PMID: 17396135
  • Shintani T, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy in health and disease: a double-edged sword. Science 2004; 306:990 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1099993; PMID: 15528435
  • Mizushima N, Ohsumi Y, Yoshimori T. Autophagosome formation in mammalian cells. Cell Struct Funct 2002; 27:421 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1247/csf.27.421; PMID: 12576635
  • Yang YP, Liang ZQ, Gu ZL, Qin ZH. Molecular mechanism and regulation of autophagy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:1421 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00235.x; PMID: 16297339
  • Alers S, Löffler AS, Wesselborg S, Stork B. Role of AMPK-mTOR-Ulk1/2 in the regulation of autophagy: cross talk, shortcuts, and feedbacks. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.06159-11; PMID: 22025673
  • Jung CH, Ro SH, Cao J, Otto NM, Kim DH. mTOR regulation of autophagy. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1287 - 95; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.01.017; PMID: 20083114
  • Xie Z, Klionsky DJ. Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:1102 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1007-1102; PMID: 17909521
  • Eisenberg-Lerner A, Bialik S, Simon HU, Kimchi A. Life and death partners: apoptosis, autophagy and the cross-talk between them. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:966 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2009.33; PMID: 19325568
  • Maiuri MC, Zalckvar E, Kimchi A, Kroemer G. Self-eating and self-killing: crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:741 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2239; PMID: 17717517
  • Cárdenas-Aguayo MdelC, Santa-Olalla J, Baizabal JM, Salgado LM, Covarrubias L. Growth factor deprivation induces an alternative non-apoptotic death mechanism that is inhibited by Bcl2 in cells derived from neural precursor cells. J Hematother Stem Cell Res 2003; 12:735 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/15258160360732759; PMID: 14977482
  • Ciechomska IA, Goemans GC, Skepper JN, Tolkovsky AM. Bcl-2 complexed with Beclin-1 maintains full anti-apoptotic function. Oncogene 2009; 28:2128 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2009.60; PMID: 19347031
  • Lum JJ, Bauer DE, Kong M, Harris MH, Li C, Lindsten T, Thompson CB. Growth factor regulation of autophagy and cell survival in the absence of apoptosis. Cell 2005; 120:237 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.046; PMID: 15680329
  • Moretti L, Attia A, Kim KW, Lu B. Crosstalk between Bak/Bax and mTOR signaling regulates radiation-induced autophagy. Autophagy 2007; 3:142 - 4; PMID: 17204849
  • Lépine S, Allegood JC, Edmonds Y, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Autophagy induced by deficiency of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase 1 is switched to apoptosis by calpain-mediated autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) cleavage. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44380 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.257519; PMID: 22052905
  • Priault M, Hue E, Marhuenda F, Pilet P, Oliver L, Vallette FM. Differential dependence on Beclin 1 for the regulation of pro-survival autophagy by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8755; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008755; PMID: 20090905
  • Yu L, Lenardo MJ, Baehrecke EH. Autophagy and caspases: a new cell death program. Cell Cycle 2004; 3:1124 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.3.9.1097; PMID: 15326383
  • Jeong HS, Choi HY, Lee ER, Kim JH, Jeon K, Lee HJ, Cho SG. Involvement of caspase-9 in autophagy-mediated cell survival pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1813:80 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.09.016; PMID: 20888374
  • Tiwari M, Lopez-Cruzan M, Morgan WW, Herman B. Loss of caspase-2-dependent apoptosis induces autophagy after mitochondrial oxidative stress in primary cultures of young adult cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8493 - 506; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.163824; PMID: 21216964
  • Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR. Caspase-2: the orphan caspase. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:51 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2011.157; PMID: 22075987
  • Kumar S, Kinoshita M, Noda M, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1 beta-converting enzyme. Genes Dev 1994; 8:1613 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.8.14.1613; PMID: 7958843
  • Ho LH, Read SH, Dorstyn L, Lambrusco L, Kumar S. Caspase-2 is required for cell death induced by cytoskeletal disruption. Oncogene 2008; 27:3393 - 404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1211005; PMID: 18193089
  • Tu S, McStay GP, Boucher LM, Mak T, Beere HM, Green DR. In situ trapping of activated initiator caspases reveals a role for caspase-2 in heat shock-induced apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8:72 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1340; PMID: 16362053
  • Shi M, Vivian CJ, Lee KJ, Ge C, Morotomi-Yano K, Manzl C, Bock F, Sato S, Tomomori-Sato C, Zhu R, et al. DNA-PKcs-PIDDosome: a nuclear caspase-2-activating complex with role in G2/M checkpoint maintenance. Cell 2009; 136:508 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.021; PMID: 19203584
  • Dorstyn L, Puccini J, Wilson CH, Shalini S, Nicola M, Moore S, Kumar S. Caspase-2 deficiency promotes aberrant DNA-damage response and genetic instability. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1288 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.36; PMID: 22498700
  • Logette E, Le Jossic-Corcos C, Masson D, Solier S, Sequeira-Legrand A, Dugail I, Lemaire-Ewing S, Desoche L, Solary E, Corcos L. Caspase-2, a novel lipid sensor under the control of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9621 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.21.9621-9631.2005; PMID: 16227610
  • Ho LH, Taylor R, Dorstyn L, Cakouros D, Bouillet P, Kumar S. A tumor suppressor function for caspase-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5336 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811928106; PMID: 19279217
  • Nutt LK, Margolis SS, Jensen M, Herman CE, Dunphy WG, Rathmell JC, Kornbluth S. Metabolic regulation of oocyte cell death through the CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of caspase-2. Cell 2005; 123:89 - 103; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.032; PMID: 16213215
  • Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Wilson C, Puccini J, Ho L, Kumar S. Impaired antioxidant defence and accumulation of oxidative stress in caspase-2-deficient mice. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1370 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.13; PMID: 22343713
  • Zhang Y, Padalecki SS, Chaudhuri AR, De Waal E, Goins BA, Grubbs B, Ikeno Y, Richardson A, Mundy GR, Herman B. Caspase-2 deficiency enhances aging-related traits in mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2007; 128:213 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.030; PMID: 17188333
  • Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012; 8:445 - 544; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.19496; PMID: 22966490
  • Mizushima N, Yoshimori T. How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting. Autophagy 2007; 3:542 - 5; PMID: 17611390
  • Bjedov I, Partridge L. A longer and healthier life with TOR down-regulation: genetics and drugs. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:460 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST0390460; PMID: 21428920
  • Meley D, Bauvy C, Houben-Weerts JH, Dubbelhuis PF, Helmond MT, Codogno P, Meijer AJ. AMP-activated protein kinase and the regulation of autophagic proteolysis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34870 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M605488200; PMID: 16990266
  • Codogno P, Mehrpour M, Proikas-Cezanne T. Canonical and non-canonical autophagy: variations on a common theme of self-eating?. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:7 - 12; PMID: 22166994
  • Hu P, Lai D, Lu P, Gao J, He H. ERK and Akt signaling pathways are involved in advanced glycation end product-induced autophagy in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:613 - 8; PMID: 22293957
  • Keil E, Höcker R, Schuster M, Essmann F, Ueffing N, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA, Pfeffer K, Schulze-Osthoff K, Schmitz I. Phosphorylation of Atg5 by the Gadd45β-MEKK4-p38 pathway inhibits autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:321 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.129; PMID: 23059785
  • Lorin S, Pierron G, Ryan KM, Codogno P, Djavaheri-Mergny M. Evidence for the interplay between JNK and p53-DRAM signalling pathways in the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy 2010; 6:153 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.6.1.10537; PMID: 19949306
  • Mao K, Wang K, Zhao M, Xu T, Klionsky DJ. Two MAPK-signaling pathways are required for mitophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 2011; 193:755 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201102092; PMID: 21576396
  • Mei S, Gu H, Ward A, Yang X, Guo H, He K, Liu Z, Cao W. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) promotes cholesterol ester accumulation in macrophages through inhibition of macroautophagy. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11761 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.333575; PMID: 22354961
  • Dirsch VM, Kirschke SO, Estermeier M, Steffan B, Vollmar AM. Apoptosis signaling triggered by the marine alkaloid ascididemin is routed via caspase-2 and JNK to mitochondria. Oncogene 2004; 23:1586 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207281; PMID: 14716300
  • Lamkanfi M, D’hondt K, Vande Walle L, van Gurp M, Denecker G, Demeulemeester J, Kalai M, Declercq W, Saelens X, Vandenabeele P. A novel caspase-2 complex containing TRAF2 and RIP1. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:6923 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M411180200; PMID: 15590671
  • Panaretakis T, Laane E, Pokrovskaja K, Björklund AC, Moustakas A, Zhivotovsky B, Heyman M, Shoshan MC, Grandér D. Doxorubicin requires the sequential activation of caspase-2, protein kinase Cdelta, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase to induce apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:3821 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-10-0862; PMID: 15917298
  • Troy CM, Rabacchi SA, Xu Z, Maroney AC, Connors TJ, Shelanski ML, Greene LA. beta-Amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis requires c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. J Neurochem 2001; 77:157 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.t01-1-00218.x; PMID: 11279271
  • Yoo BH, Wang Y, Erdogan M, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Corcos L, Sabapathy K, Rosen KV. Oncogenic ras-induced down-regulation of pro-apoptotic protease caspase-2 is required for malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38894 - 903; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.290692; PMID: 21903589
  • Dewaele M, Maes H, Agostinis P. ROS-mediated mechanisms of autophagy stimulation and their relevance in cancer therapy. Autophagy 2010; 6:838 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.6.7.12113; PMID: 20505317
  • Lee J, Giordano S, Zhang J. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling. Biochem J 2012; 441:523 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20111451; PMID: 22187934
  • Scherz-Shouval R, Shvets E, Fass E, Shorer H, Gil L, Elazar Z. Reactive oxygen species are essential for autophagy and specifically regulate the activity of Atg4. EMBO J 2007; 26:1749 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601623; PMID: 17347651
  • Chen Y, Azad MB, Gibson SB. Superoxide is the major reactive oxygen species regulating autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1040 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2009.49; PMID: 19407826
  • Chen SY, Chiu LY, Maa MC, Wang JS, Chien CL, Lin WW. zVAD-induced autophagic cell death requires c-Src-dependent ERK and JNK activation and reactive oxygen species generation. Autophagy 2011; 7:217 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.7.2.14212; PMID: 21127402
  • Yu L, Wan F, Dutta S, Welsh S, Liu Z, Freundt E, Baehrecke EH, Lenardo M. Autophagic programmed cell death by selective catalase degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4952 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511288103; PMID: 16547133
  • Du J, Guan T, Zhang H, Xia Y, Liu F, Zhang Y. Inhibitory crosstalk between ERK and AMPK in the growth and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:402 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.099; PMID: 18243130
  • Wang J, Whiteman MW, Lian H, Wang G, Singh A, Huang D, Denmark T. A non-canonical MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates autophagy via regulating Beclin 1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21412 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.026013; PMID: 19520853
  • Tamm C, Zhivotovsky B, Ceccatelli S. Caspase-2 activation in neural stem cells undergoing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:354 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10495-007-0172-7; PMID: 18181021
  • Tiwari M, Herman B, Morgan WW. A knockout of the caspase 2 gene produces increased resistance of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway to MPTP-induced toxicity. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:421 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.03.009; PMID: 21419766
  • Uchibayashi R, Tsuruma K, Inokuchi Y, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Involvement of Bid and caspase-2 in endoplasmic reticulum stress- and oxidative stress-induced retinal ganglion cell death. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1783 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22691; PMID: 21805492
  • Gordy C, He YW. The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis: where does this lead?. Protein Cell 2012; 3:17 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-011-1127-x; PMID: 22314807
  • Hou W, Han J, Lu C, Goldstein LA, Rabinowich H. Autophagic degradation of active caspase-8: a crosstalk mechanism between autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy 2010; 6:891 - 900; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.6.7.13038; PMID: 20724831
  • Djavaheri-Mergny M, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G. Cross talk between apoptosis and autophagy by caspase-mediated cleavage of Beclin 1. Oncogene 2010; 29:1717 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2009.519; PMID: 20101204
  • Zhu Y, Zhao L, Liu L, Gao P, Tian W, Wang X, Jin H, Xu H, Chen Q. Beclin 1 cleavage by caspase-3 inactivates autophagy and promotes apoptosis. Protein Cell 2010; 1:468 - 77; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-010-0048-4; PMID: 21203962
  • Choi SI, Kim BY, Dadakhujaev S, Oh JY, Kim TI, Kim JY, Kim EK. Impaired autophagy and delayed autophagic clearance of transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBI) in granular corneal dystrophy type 2. Autophagy 2012; 8:1782 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.22067; PMID: 22995918
  • Shackelford DB, Shaw RJ. The LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:563 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2676; PMID: 19629071
  • Janssens S, Tinel A. The PIDDosome, DNA-damage-induced apoptosis and beyond. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:13 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2011.162; PMID: 22095286
  • Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S. Caspase-2 function in response to DNA damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:859 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.191; PMID: 15865942
  • Maiuri MC, Galluzzi L, Morselli E, Kepp O, Malik SA, Kroemer G. Autophagy regulation by p53. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:181 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2009.12.001; PMID: 20044243
  • Tasdemir E, Maiuri MC, Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Djavaheri-Mergny M, D’Amelio M, Criollo A, Morselli E, Zhu C, Harper F, et al. Regulation of autophagy by cytoplasmic p53. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:676 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1730; PMID: 18454141
  • Oliver TG, Meylan E, Chang GP, Xue W, Burke JR, Humpton TJ, Hubbard D, Bhutkar A, Jacks T. Caspase-2-mediated cleavage of Mdm2 creates a p53-induced positive feedback loop. Mol Cell 2011; 43:57 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.012; PMID: 21726810
  • Pattingre S, Bauvy C, Codogno P. Amino acids interfere with the ERK1/2-dependent control of macroautophagy by controlling the activation of Raf-1 in human colon cancer HT-29 cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:16667 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M210998200; PMID: 12609989
  • Corcelle E, Djerbi N, Mari M, Nebout M, Fiorini C, Fénichel P, Hofman P, Poujeol P, Mograbi B. Control of the autophagy maturation step by the MAPK ERK and p38: lessons from environmental carcinogens. Autophagy 2007; 3:57 - 9; PMID: 17102581
  • Laussmann MA, Passante E, Düssmann H, Rauen JA, Würstle ML, Delgado ME, Devocelle M, Prehn JH, Rehm M. Proteasome inhibition can induce an autophagy-dependent apical activation of caspase-8. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1584 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2011.27; PMID: 21455219
  • Wang Q, Chen Z, Diao X, Huang S. Induction of autophagy-dependent apoptosis by the survivin suppressant YM155 in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 302:29 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2010.12.007; PMID: 21220185
  • N’Diaye EN, Kajihara KK, Hsieh I, Morisaki H, Debnath J, Brown EJ. PLIC proteins or ubiquilins regulate autophagy-dependent cell survival during nutrient starvation. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:173 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2008.238; PMID: 19148225
  • Bergeron L, Perez GI, Macdonald G, Shi L, Sun Y, Jurisicova A, Varmuza S, Latham KE, Flaws JA, Salter JC, et al. Defects in regulation of apoptosis in caspase-2-deficient mice. Genes Dev 1998; 12:1304 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.12.9.1304; PMID: 9573047
  • Mizushima N, Yamamoto A, Matsui M, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y. In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:1101 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E03-09-0704; PMID: 14699058
  • Bauvy C, Meijer AJ, Codogno P. Assaying of autophagic protein degradation. Methods Enzymol 2009; 452:47 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(08)03604-5; PMID: 19200875