Thymosin β-4 in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front in tumor cells undergoing epithelial mesenchymal transition

References

• Levayer R, Lecuit T. Breaking down EMT. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:757 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb0708-757; PMID: 18591967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay ED. An overview of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Acta Anat (Basel) 1995; 154:8 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147748; PMID: 8714286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiery JP. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in development and pathologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003; 15:740 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2003.10.006; PMID: 14644200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linker C, Lesbros C, Gros J, Burrus LW, Rawls A, Marcelle C. beta-Catenin-dependent Wnt signalling controls the epithelial organisation of somites through the activation of paraxis. Development 2005; 132:3895 - 905; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01961; PMID: 16100089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber K. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is important to metastasis, but questions remain. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:232 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn032; PMID: 18270330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum B, Settleman J, Quinlan MP. Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states in development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19:294 - 308; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.02.001; PMID: 18343170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse JC, Kalluri R. Mechanisms of metastasis: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and contribution of tumor microenvironment. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:816 - 29; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.21215; PMID: 17243120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarino M, Rubino B, Ballabio G. The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer pathology. Pathology 2007; 39:305 - 18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00313020701329914; PMID: 17558857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang ZY, Zeng FQ, Zhu ZH, Jiang GS, Lv L, Wan F, et al. Evaluation of thymosin β4 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in urothelial carcinoma. Urologic Oncology 2010; In press PMID: 20864366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WS, Chen PM, Hsiao HL, Ju SY, Su Y. Overexpression of the thymosin beta-4 gene is associated with malignant progression of SW480 colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:3297 - 306; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206404; PMID: 12761500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa T, Yoshida T, Tsuruta T, Tokuyama W, Adachi S, Kikuchi M, et al. Tumor budding is predictive of lymphatic involvement and lymph node metastases in submucosal invasive colorectal adenocarcinomas and in non polypoid compared with polypoid growth. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 4:605 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365520902718911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakaya Y, Sukowati EW, Wu Y, Sheng G. RhoA and microtubule dynamics control cell-basement membrane interaction in EMT during gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:765 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1739; PMID: 18552836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist SE, Doe CQ. Microtubule-induced cortical cell polarity. Genes Dev 2007; 21:483 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1511207; PMID: 17344411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakaya Y, Sukowati EW, Wu Y, Sheng G. RhoA and microtubule dynamics control cell-basement membrane interaction in EMT during gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:757 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1739; PMID: 18591967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med 2005; 11:421 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2005.07.004; PMID: 16099219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HC, Hu CH, Tang MC, Wang WS, Chen PM, Su Y. Thymosin β4 triggers an epithelial mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma by upregulating integrin-linked kinase. Oncogene 2007; 26:2781 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210078; PMID: 17072345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature 2004; 432:451 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03000; PMID: 15565135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)). Methods 2001; 25:402 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262; PMID: 11846609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein JJ, Goldstein AL, White A. Enhancement of in vivo incorporation of labeled precursors into Dann and total protein of mouse lymph nodes after administration of thymic extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1965; 53:812 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.53.4.812; PMID: 14324539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders MC, Goldstein AL, Wang YL. Thymosin beta 4 (Fx peptide) is a potent regulator of actin polymerization in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:4678 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.10.4678; PMID: 1584803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutrafouri V, Leondiadis L, Avgoustakis K, Livaniou E, Czarnecki J, Ithakissios DS, et al. Effect of thymosin peptides on the chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis model. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1568:60 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00200-8; PMID: 11731086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:364 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x; PMID: 10469335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badamchian M, Fagarasan MO, Danner RL, Suffredini AF, Damavandy H, Goldstein AL. Thymosin beta(4) reduces lethality and down-regulates inflammatory mediators in endotoxin-induced septic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1225 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00024-9; PMID: 12860178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapp H, Deepe R, Ingram JA, Yarmola EG, Bubb MR, Hanley EN Jr., et al. Exogenous thymosin beta 4 prevents apoptosis in human intervertrebal annulus cells in vitro. Biotech Histochem 2009; 84:287 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520290903116884; PMID: 20055734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi SY, Kim DK, Eun B, Kim K, Sun W, Kim H. Anti-apoptotic function of thymosin-beta in developing chick spinal motoneurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:872 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.207; PMID: 16782066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon EY, Song JH, Yang KH. Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin-beta-4 (TB4), inhibits caspase-3 activation in paclitaxel-induced tumor cell death. Oncol Res 2007; 16:507 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096504007783438349; PMID: 18306930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson LI, Holck S. Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1112:317 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1415.005; PMID: 17495241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman K, Banyard J. B-thymosins in cancer: implications for the clinic. Future Oncol 2009; 5:755 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon.09.71; PMID: 19663724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson LI, Holck S. Occurrence of thymosin beta4 in human breast cancer cells and in other cell types of the tumor microenvironment. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:114 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2006.06.025; PMID: 16949646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Gotoh M, Kitajima M, Hirohashi S. Thymosin beta-4 expression is correlated with metastatic capacity of colorectal carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 193:706 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.1682; PMID: 8512568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1674 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djg100; PMID: 14625258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemolato S, Messana I, Cabras T, Manconi B, Inzitari R, Fanali C, et al. Thymosin beta(4) and beta(10) levels in pre-term newborn oral cavity and foetal salivary glands evidence a switch of secretion during foetal development. PLoS ONE 2009; 4:e5109; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005109; PMID: 19337364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemolato S, Cabras T, Cau F, Fanari MU, Fanni D, Manconi B, et al. Different thymosin Beta 4 immunoreactivity in foetal and adult gastrointestinal tract. PLoS ONE 2010; 5:e9111; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009111; PMID: 20161756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai G, Nemolato S, Lecca S, Parodo G, Medda C, Faa G. The role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the minor salivary gland: a case report. Eur J Histochem 2008; 52:251 - 4; PMID: 19109100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemolato S, Cabras T, Fanari MU, Cau F, Fraschini M, Manconi B, et al. Thymosin beta 4 expression in normal skin, colon mucosa and in tumor infiltrating mast cells. Eur J Histochem 2010; 54:e3; http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2010.e3; PMID: 20353910
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wijnhoven BPL, Dinjens WN, Pignatelli M. E-cadherin-catenin cell-cell adhesion complex and human cancer. Br J Surg 2000; 87:992 - 1005; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01513.x; PMID: 10931041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Böing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, et al. MALAT-1 a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta 4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2003; 22:8031 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206928; PMID: 12970751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Okada F, Fujii N, Tomita N, Ito S, Tazawa H, et al. Thymosin-beta 4 regulates motility and metastasis of malignant mouse fibrosarcoma clls. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:869 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64910-3; PMID: 11891186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WS, Chen PM, Hsiao HL, Wang HS, Liang WY, Su Y. Overexpression of the thymosin beta-4 gene is associated with increased invasion of SW480 colon carcinoma cells and the distant metastasis of human colorectal carcinoma. Oncogene 2004; 23:6666 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207888; PMID: 15235586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portyanko A, Kovalev P, Gorgun J, Cherstvoy E. βIII-tubulin at the invasive margin of colorectal cancer: possible link to invasion. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:541 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00428-009-0764-4; PMID: 19360438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HC, Hu CH, Tang MC, Wang WS, Chen PM, Su Y. Thymosin β4 trigger an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma by upregulating integrin-linked kinase. Oncogene 2007; 26:2781 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210078; PMID: 17072345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart N, Bollini S, Dubè KN, Vieira JM, Zhou B, Davidson S, et al. De novo cardiomyocytes from within the activated adult heart after injury. Nature 2011; 474:640 - 4; PMID: 21654746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar