Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates tumor angiogenesis via inhibiting bioactivities of endothelial progenitor cells

References

• Cooney MM, van Heeckeren W, Bhakta S, Ortiz J, Remick SC. Drug insight: vascular disrupting agents and angiogenesis--novel approaches for drug delivery. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2006; 3:682 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncponc0663; PMID: 17139319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergers G, Benjamin LE. Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3:401 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1093; PMID: 12778130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowasch D, Jabs A, Lüderitz B, Bauriedel G. Bone marrow-derived cells and vascular growth. Circ Res 2004; 94:e71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000126418.31311.F8; PMID: 15117831
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Du R, Lu KV, Petritsch C, Liu P, Ganss R, Passegué E, et al. HIF1alpha induces the recruitment of bone marrow-derived vascular modulatory cells to regulate tumor angiogenesis and invasion. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:206 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.034; PMID: 18328425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng H, Fu G, Dai T, Huang H. Migration of endothelial progenitor cells mediated by stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha/CXCR4 via PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal transduction pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50:274 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0b013e318093ec8f; PMID: 17878755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shojaei F, Wu X, Qu X, Kowanetz M, Yu L, Tan M, et al. G-CSF-initiated myeloid cell mobilization and angiogenesis mediate tumor refractoriness to anti-VEGF therapy in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6742 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902280106; PMID: 19346489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyden D, Hattori K, Dias S, Costa C, Blaikie P, Butros L, et al. Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med 2001; 7:1194 - 201; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1101-1194; PMID: 11689883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan DJ, Ciarrocchi A, Mellick AS, Jaggi JS, Bambino K, Gupta S, et al. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells are a major determinant of nascent tumor neovascularization. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1546 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.436307; PMID: 17575055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao DC, Nolan DJ, Mellick AS, Bambino K, McDonnell K, Mittal V. Endothelial progenitor cells control the angiogenic switch in mouse lung metastasis. Science 2008; 319:195 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1150224; PMID: 18187653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp HG, Ramos CA, Rafii S. Contribution of endothelial progenitors and proangiogenic hematopoietic cells to vascularization of tumor and ischemic tissue. Curr Opin Hematol 2006; 13:175 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.moh.0000219664.26528.da; PMID: 16567962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asahara T, Takahashi T, Masuda H, Kalka C, Chen DH, Iwaguro H, et al. VEGF contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J 1999; 18:3964 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.14.3964; PMID: 10406801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparini G, Longo R, Toi M, Ferrara N. Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005; 2:562 - 77; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncponc0342; PMID: 16270097
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr DJ. Targeting angiogenesis in cancer: clinical development of bevacizumab. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2004; 1:39 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncponc0026; PMID: 16264798
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perabo FG, Von Löw EC, Ellinger J, von Rücker A, Müller SC, Bastian PJ. Soy isoflavone genistein in prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2008; 11:6 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.pcan.4501000; PMID: 17923857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong VK, Cheung SS, Li T, Jiang ZH, Wang JR, Dong H, et al. Asian ginseng extract inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of mouse lewis lung carcinoma via modulation of ERK-p53 and NF-κB signaling. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:899 - 910; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.22778; PMID: 20665661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surh YJ, Na HK, Lee JY, Keum YS. Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Korean Med Sci 2001; 16:Suppl S38 - 41; PMID: 11748375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CX, Xiao PG. Recent advances on ginseng research in China. J Ethnopharmacol 1992; 36:27 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90057-X; PMID: 1501490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang QY, Kang XM, Zhao WH. Antiangiogenic effect of low-dose cyclophosphamide combined with ginsenoside Rg3 on Lewis lung carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:824 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.044; PMID: 16499874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi C, Huang XB, Hou M. [Experimental study on effect of chemotherapy combined ginsengnoside Rg3 in treating pulmonary carcinoma]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2005; 25:58 - 9; PMID: 15719754
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, Uehara H, Nakaizumi A, Shinkai K, et al. Inhibition by ginsenoside Rg3 of bombesin-enhanced peritoneal metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats. Clin Exp Metastasis 1997; 15:603 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018491314066; PMID: 9344044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JW, Chen JX, Yu LH, Tian YX, Cui XY, Yan Q, et al. [Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside-Rg3 on lung metastasis of mouse melanoma transfected with ribonuclease inhibitor]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2004; 26:722 - 5; PMID: 15733388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagy JA, Chang SH, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF. Why are tumour blood vessels abnormal and why is it important to know?. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:865 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604929; PMID: 19240721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara N.. Vascular endothelial growth factor and the regulation of angiogenesis. Recent Prog Horm Res 2000; 55:15 - 35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivy SP, Wick JY, Kaufman BM. An overview of small-molecule inhibitors of VEGFR signaling. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009; 6:569 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.130; PMID: 19736552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grothey A, Galanis E. Targeting angiogenesis: progress with anti-VEGF treatment with large molecules. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009; 6:507 - 18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.110; PMID: 19636328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwaguro H, Yamaguchi J, Kalka C, Murasawa S, Masuda H, Hayashi S, et al. Endothelial progenitor cell vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer for vascular regeneration. Circulation 2002; 105:732 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc0602.103673; PMID: 11839630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaked Y, Ciarrocchi A, Franco M, Lee CR, Man S, Cheung AM, et al. Therapy-induced acute recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells to tumors. Science 2006; 313:1785 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127592; PMID: 16990548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somanath PR, Razorenova OV, Chen JH, Byzova TV. Akt1 in endothelial cell and angiogenesis. Cell Cycle 2006; 5:512 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.5.5.2538; PMID: 16552185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy DA, Makonnen S, Lassoued W, Feldman MD, Carter C, Lee WMF. Inhibition of tumor endothelial ERK activation, angiogenesis, and tumor growth by sorafenib (BAY43-9006). Am J Pathol 2006; 169:1875 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2006.050711; PMID: 17071608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J, Zhou Q, Liu LZ, Xia C, Hu X, Shi X, et al. Apigenin inhibits tumor angiogenesis through decreasing HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:858 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgl205; PMID: 17071632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi T, Cho SG, Yi Z, Pang X, Rodriguez M, Wang Y, et al. Thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth through suppressing AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1789 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0124; PMID: 18644991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak HF. Angiogenesis: update 2005. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:1835 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01361.x; PMID: 16102050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, et al. Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization (vol 85, pg 221, 1999). Circ Res 1999; 85:477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh HK, Ha JM, O E, Lee BH, Lee SK, Shim BS, et al. Tumor angiogenesis promoted by ex vivo differentiated endothelial progenitor cells is effectively inhibited by an angiogenesis inhibitor, TK1-2. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4851 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2979; PMID: 17510415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerbel RS. Antiangiogenic therapy: a universal chemosensitization strategy for cancer?. Science 2006; 312:1171 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1125950; PMID: 16728631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura H, Asahara T. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascular formation. EXS 2005; 21:147 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7311-3_10; PMID: 15617476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohtsubo M, Theodoras AM, Schumacher J, Roberts JM, Pagano M. Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the G1-to-S phase transition. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:2612 - 24; PMID: 7739542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezhevsky SA, Nagahara H, Vocero-Akbani AM, Gius DR, Wei MC, Dowdy SF. Hypo-phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complexes results in active pRb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:10699 - 704; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.20.10699; PMID: 9380698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg AS, Weinberg RA. Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein requires sequential modification by at least two distinct cyclin-cdk complexes. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:753 - 61; PMID: 9447971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J, Schally AV, Zarandi M, Varga J, Leung PC. Antiproliferative effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonist on ovarian cancer cells through the EGFR-Akt pathway. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-8-54; PMID: 20509930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue PY, Wong DY, Ha WY, Fung MC, Mak NK, Yeung HW, et al. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the angiogenic effects of ginsenoside Rg(1) in vivo and in vitro. Angiogenesis 2005; 8:205 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10456-005-9000-2; PMID: 16328162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar