Protective effects of alanyl-glutamine supplementation against nelfinavir-induced epithelial impairment in IEC-6 cells and in mouse intestinal mucosa

References

• Guarino A, Bruzzese E, De Marco G, Buccigrossi V. Management of gastrointestinal disorders in children with HIV infection. Paediatr Drugs 2004; 6:347 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200406060-00003; PMID: 15612836
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tramarin A, Parise N, Campostrini S, Yin DD, Postma MJ, Lyu R, et al, Palladio Study Group. Association between diarrhea and quality of life in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Qual Life Res 2004; 13:243 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:QURE.0000015282.24774.36; PMID: 15058804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode H, Lenzner L, Kraemer OH, Kroesen AJ, Bendfeldt K, Schulzke JD, et al. The HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir, ritonavir, and nelfinavir induce apoptosis and decrease barrier function in human intestinal epithelial cells. Antivir Ther 2005; 10:645 - 55; PMID: 16152758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Sun L, Zha W, Studer E, Gurley E, Chen L, et al. HIV protease inhibitors induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and disrupt barrier integrity in intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:197 - 209; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.054; PMID: 19732776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badley AD. In vitro and in vivo effects of HIV protease inhibitors on apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:Suppl 1 924 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401580; PMID: 15761470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danaher RJ, Wang C, Roland AT, Kaetzel CS, Greenberg RN, Miller CS. HIV protease inhibitors block oral epithelial cell DNA synthesis. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:95 - 100; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.12.001; PMID: 20035926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga Neto MB, Aguiar CV, Maciel JG, Oliveira BM, Sevilleja JE, Oriá RB, et al. Evaluation of HIV protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on proliferation, necrosis, apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and electrolyte and water transport and epithelial barrier function in mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-10-90; PMID: 20701796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow WA, Jiang C, Guan M. Anti-HIV drugs for cancer therapeutics: back to the future?. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:61 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70334-6; PMID: 19111246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Ikezoe T, Takeuchi T, Adachi Y, Ohtsuki Y, Takeuchi S, et al. HIV-1 protease inhibitor induces growth arrest and apoptosis of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells in vitro and in vivo in conjunction with blockade of androgen receptor STAT3 and AKT signaling. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:425 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00063.x; PMID: 16053514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gills JJ, Lopiccolo J, Tsurutani J, Shoemaker RH, Best CJ, Abu-Asab MS, et al. Nelfinavir, A lead HIV protease inhibitor, is a broad-spectrum, anticancer agent that induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5183 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0161; PMID: 17785575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoads JM, Argenzio RA, Chen W, Rippe RA, Westwick JK, Cox AD, et al. L-glutamine stimulates intestinal cell proliferation and activates mitogen-activated protein kinases. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:G943 - 53; PMID: 9176200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoads JM, Argenzio RA, Chen W, Graves LM, Licato LL, Blikslager AT, et al. Glutamine metabolism stimulates intestinal cell MAPKs by a cAMP-inhibitable, Raf-independent mechanism. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:90 - 100; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70417-3; PMID: 10611157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marc Rhoads J, Wu G. Glutamine, arginine, and leucine signaling in the intestine. Amino Acids 2009; 37:111 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0225-4; PMID: 19130170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan C. Glutamine-based oral rehydration solutions: the magic bullet revisited?. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 26:533 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199805000-00009; PMID: 9586764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu J, DeMarco V, Li N. Glutamine: clinical applications and mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002; 5:69 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075197-200201000-00013; PMID: 11790953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima NL, Soares AM, Mota RM, Monteiro HS, Guerrant RL, Lima AA. Wasting and intestinal barrier function in children taking alanyl-glutamine-supplemented enteral formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44:365 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31802eecdd; PMID: 17325559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro-Filho BA, Oriá RB, Wood Rea K, Brito GA, Fujii J, Obrig T, et al. Alanyl-glutamine hastens morphologic recovery from 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in mice. Nutrition 2004; 20:934 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.016; PMID: 15474885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blikslager A, Hunt E, Guerrant R, Rhoads M, Argenzio R. Glutamine transporter in crypts compensates for loss of villus absorption in bovine cryptosporidiosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G645 - 53; PMID: 11518676
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ribeiro Júnior H, Ribeiro T, Mattos A, Palmeira C, Fernandez D, Sant’Ana I, et al. Treatment of acute diarrhea with oral rehydration solutions containing glutamine. J Am Coll Nutr 1994; 13:251 - 5; PMID: 8077573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalçin SS, Yurdakök K, Tezcan I, Oner L. Effect of glutamine supplementation on diarrhea, interleukin-8 and secretory immunoglobulin A in children with acute diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38:494 - 501; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200405000-00007; PMID: 15097437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushen OY, Davenport JA, Lima AB, Piscitelli SC, Uzgiris AJ, Silva TM, et al. Diarrhea and reduced levels of antiretroviral drugs: improvement with glutamine or alanyl-glutamine in a randomized controlled trial in northeast Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1764 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421394; PMID: 15227625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva AC, Santos-Neto MS, Soares AM, Fonteles MC, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM. Efficacy of a glutamine-based oral rehydration solution on the electrolyte and water absorption in a rabbit model of secretory diarrhea induced by cholera toxin. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 26:513 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199805000-00006; PMID: 9586761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque SM, Chen K, Usui N, Iiboshi Y, Okuyama H, Masunari A, et al. Alanyl-glutamine dipeptide-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves intestinal metabolism and prevents increased permeability in rats. Ann Surg 1996; 223:334 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199603000-00014; PMID: 8604914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh J, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Nutritional benefits of enteral alanyl-glutamine supplementation on rat small intestinal damage induced by cyclophosphamide. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:719 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03042.x; PMID: 12753156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Ping X, Yu B, Liu F, Ni X, Li J. Clinical trial: prophylactic intravenous alanyl-glutamine reduces the severity of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by chemotherapy--a randomized crossover study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30:452 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04068.x; PMID: 19549287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack SA, Viar MJ, Johnson LR. Migration of IEC-6 cells: a model for mucosal healing. Am J Physiol 1992; 263:G426 - 35; PMID: 1415554
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brito GA, Carneiro-Filho B, Oriá RB, Destura RV, Lima AA, Guerrant RL. Clostridium difficile toxin A induces intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and damage: role of Gln and Ala-Gln in toxin A effects. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:1271 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-005-2771-x; PMID: 16047471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viracept. Prescribing Information. 25 January2001 APILJ, CA 92037, USA Item #634200MV.
   Google Scholar
• Wu EY, Wilkinson JM 2nd, Naret DG, Daniels VL, Williams LJ, Khalil DA, et al. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of nelfinavir, a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997; 695:373 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00193-X; PMID: 9300874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns-Naas LA, Webber S, Stump DG, Holson JF, Masarjian L, Zorbas M. Absence of embryo-fetal toxicity in rats or rabbits following oral dosing with nelfinavir. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 38:291 - 303; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-2300(03)00096-5; PMID: 14623480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerknes M, Cheng H. Gastrointestinal stem cells. II. Intestinal stem cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G381 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00160.2005; PMID: 16093419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Mikochik PJ, Ra JH, Lei H, Flaherty KT, Winkler JD, et al. HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits growth of human melanoma cells by induction of cell cycle arrest. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1221 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3377; PMID: 17283158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga-Neto MB, Warren CA, Oriá RB, Monteiro MS, Maciel AA, Brito GA, et al. Alanyl-glutamine and glutamine supplementation improves 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal epithelium damage in vitro. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2687 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-008-0215-0; PMID: 18320312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Y, Wu ZH. The anabolic effects of recombinant human growth hormone and glutamine on parenterally fed, short bowel rats. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:752 - 7; PMID: 12174391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler TR, Mantell MP, Chow JC, Rombeau JL, Smith RJ. Gut adaptation and the insulin-like growth factor system: regulation by glutamine and IGF-I administration. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:G866 - 75; PMID: 8944702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carneiro BA, Fujii J, Brito GA, Alcantara C, Oriá RB, Lima AA, et al. Caspase and bid involvement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced apoptosis and modulation of toxin A effects by glutamine and alanyl-glutamine in vivo and in vitro. Infect Immun 2006; 74:81 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.74.1.81-87.2006; PMID: 16368960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar