Critique of the International Agency for Research on Cancer meta-analyses of the association of sunbed use with risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma

References

• International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1116 - 1122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, Bouvard V, et al. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. A review of human carcinogens—part D: radiation. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:751 - 752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bataille V, Winnett A, Sasieni P, Newton Bishop JA, Cuzick J. Exposure to the sun and sunbeds and the risk of cutaneous melanoma in the UK: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:429 - 435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam SA, Sheaves JK, Wright NH, Mosser G, Harris RW, Vessey MP. A case-control study of the possible association between oral contraceptives and malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 1981; 44:45 - 50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow AJ, English JS, MacKie RM, O'Doherty CJ, Hunter JA, Clark J, et al. Fluorescent lights, ultraviolet lamps and risk of cutaneous melanoma. BMJ 1988; 297:647 - 650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKie RM, Freudenberger T, Aitchison TC. Personal risk-factor chart for cutaneous melanoma. Lancet 1989; 2:487 - 490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn-Lane J, Herity B, Moriarty MJ, Conroy R. A case control study of malignant melanoma. Ir Med J 1993; 86:57 - 59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ, Blackwell JB, Cumming FJ, English DR, et al. The causes of malignant melanoma: results from the West Australian Lions Melanoma Research Project. Recent Results Cancer Res 1986; 102:18 - 37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma II. Importance of UV-light exposure. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:319 - 324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti R, Rosso S, Faggiano F, Roffino R, Colonna S, Martina G. A case-control study of melanoma of the skin in the province of Torino, Italy. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1988; 36:309 - 317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter SD, King WD, Marrett LD. Association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with intermittent exposure to ultraviolet radiation: results of a case-control study in Ontario, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28:418 - 427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbe C, Weiss J, Kruger S, Buttner P, Bertz J, Hoffmeister H, et al. The German melanoma registry and environmental risk factors implied. Recent Results Cancer Res 1993; 128:69 - 89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Autier P, Doré JF, Lejeune F, Koelmel KF, Geffeler O, Hille P, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and exposure to sunlamps or sunbeds: an EORTC multicenter case-control study in Belgium, France and Germany. EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Int J Cancer 1994; 58:809 - 813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerdahl J, Olsson H, Måsbäck A, Ingvar C, Jonsson N, Brandt L, et al. Use of sunbeds or sunlamps and malignant melanoma in Southern Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140:691 - 699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holly EA, Aston DA, Cress RD, Ahn DK, Kristiansen JJ. Cutaneous melanoma in women I. Exposure to sunlight, ability to tan, and other risk factors related to ultraviolet light. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:923 - 933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YT, Dubrow R, Zheng T, Barnhill RL, Fine J, Berwick M. Sunlamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a population-based case-control study in Connecticut USA. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27:758 - 765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerdahl J, Ingvar C, Måsbäck A, Jonsson N, Olsson H. Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds: further evidence for UV-A carcinogenicity. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1593 - 1599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naldi L, Gallus S, Imberti GL, Cainelli T, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Sunlamps and sunbeds and the risk of cutaneous melanoma. Italian Group for Epidemiological Research in Dermatology. Eur J Cancer Prev 2000; 9:133 - 134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskel P, Sander S, Kron M, Kind P, Peter RU, Krähn G. Outdoor activities in childhood: a protective factor for cutaneous melanoma? Results of a case-control study in 271 matched pairs. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:602 - 609
   Google Scholar
• Veierød MB, Weiderpass E, Thörn M, Hansson J, Lund E, Armstrong B, et al. A prospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1530 - 1538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bataille V, Boniol M, De Vries E, Severi G, Brandberg Y, Sasieni P, et al. A multicentre epidemiological study on sunbed use and cutaneous melanoma in Europe. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2141 - 2149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han J, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ. Risk factors for skin cancers: a nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35:1514 - 1521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 4.2 for Windows Copenhagen The Nordic Cochrane Centre The Cochrane Collaboration 2003
   Google Scholar
• Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol 2000; 39:57 - 106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boniol M, Doré JF, Autier P, Smans M, Boyle P. Ch. 10 in Ringborg U, Brandberg Y, Breitbart EW, Greinert R. Skin Cancer Prevention 2007; New York Informa Healthcare 203 - 223
   Google Scholar
• Moan J, Dahlback A, Setlow RB. Epidemiological support for an hypothesis for melanoma induction indicating a role for UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 1999; 70:243 - 247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moan J, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A. Ultraviolet radiation and malignant melanoma. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 624:104 - 116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide IARC CancerBase No. 5. version 2.0. IARCPress 2004; accessed 2010 Lyon http://www-dep.iarc.fr/
   Google Scholar
• Sunderland E. Hair-colour variation in the United Kingdom. Annls Hum Genet 1956; 20:312 - 330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer D, Nagore E, Bermejo JL, Figl A, Botella-Estrada R, Thirumaran RK, et al. Melanocortin receptor 1 variants and melanoma risk: a study of 2 European populations. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1868 - 1875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rass K, Reichrath J. UV damage and DNA repair in malignant melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 624:162 - 178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED. Epidemiologic evidence for different roles of ultraviolet A and B radiation in melanoma mortality rates. Ann Epidemiol 2003; 13:395 - 404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentham G, Aase A. Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in Norway, 1955–1989: associations with solar ultraviolet radiation, income and holidays abroad. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25:1132 - 1138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agredano YZ, Chan JL, Kimball RC, Kimball AB. Accessibility to air travel correlates strongly with increasing melanoma incidence. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:77 - 81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devesa SS, Grauman DJ, Blot WJ, Pennello GA, Hoover RN, Fraumeni J Jr. Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950–1994 1999; accessed 2009 NIH Publication No. 99-4564: National Institute of Health http://www3.cancer.gov/atlasplus/
   Google Scholar
• Osborne JE, Hutchinson PE. Vitamin D and systemic cancer: is this relevant to malignant melanoma?. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:197 - 213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millen AE, Tucker MA, Hartge P, Halpern A, Elder DE, Guerry D 4th, et al. Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13:1042 - 1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Doré JF, Maisonneuve P, Testori A. Vitamin D and skin cancer: A meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:634 - 641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy C, Bajdik CD, Willemze R, De Gruijl FR, Bouwes Bavinck JN, et al. The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi and skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:1087 - 1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agar N, Young AR. Melanogenesis: a photoprotective response to DNA damage?. Mutat Res 2005; 571:121 - 132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang J, Hayward N, Goldgar D, Tsao H, Hogg D, Palmer J, et al. The M53I mutation in CDKN2A is a founder mutation that predominates in melanoma patients with Scottish ancestry. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:277 - 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland FC, White MR, Garland CF, Shaw E, Gorham ED. Occupational sunlight exposure and melanoma in the U.S. Navy. Arch Environ Health 1990; 45:261 - 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, Pasquini P, Picconi O, Boyle P, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:45 - 60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland CF, Chaplin G, Garland FC. Do sunscreens increase risk of melanoma in populations residing at higher latitudes?. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:956 - 963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwick M, Armstrong BK, Ben-Porat L, Fine J, Kricker A, Eberle C, et al. Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:195 - 199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DM, Sigurdson A, Doody MM, Rao RS, Linet MS. Risk of melanoma in relation to smoking, alcohol intake, and other factors in a large occupational cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14:847 - 857
   Google Scholar
• Odenbro A, Gillgren P, Bellocco R, Boffetta P, Håkansson N, Adami J. The risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma, melanoma in situ and intraocular malignant melanoma in relation to tobacco use and body mass index. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:99 - 105
   Google Scholar
• Grant WB. Skin aging from ultraviolet irradiance and smoking reduces risk of melanoma: epidemiological evidence. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:4003 - 4008
   Google Scholar
• Veierød MB, Adami HO, Lund E, Armstrong BK, Weiderpass E. Sun and solarium exposure and melanoma risk: effects of age, pigmentary characteristics, and nevi. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:111 - 120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English DR, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Fleming C. Sunlight and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8:271 - 283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YM, Barrett JH, Bishop DT, Armstrong BK, Bataille V, Bergman W, et al. Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5,700 cases and 7,216 controls. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:814 - 830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan JM, Cragg N, Chadwick CA, Potten CS, Young AR. Repeated ultraviolet exposure affords the same protection against DNA photodamage and erythema in human skin types II and IV but is associated with faster DNA repair in skin type IV. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:825 - 829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann K, Kaspar K, von Kobyletzk G, Stücker M, Altmeyer P. UV transmission and UV protection factor (UPF) measured on split skin following exposure to UVB radiation—correlation with the minimal erythema dose (MED). Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1999; 15:133 - 139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf HC, Sandby-Møller J, Kobayasi T, Gniadecki R. Skin aging and natural photoprotection. Micron 2004; 35:185 - 191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal H, Boldemann C, Lindelöf B. Does relative melanoma distribution by body site 1960–2004 reflect changes in intermittent exposure and intentional tanning in the Swedish population?. Eur J Dermatol 2007; 17:428 - 434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB, Garland CF, Holick MF. Comparisons of estimated economic burdens due to insufficient solar ultraviolet irradiance and vitamin D and excess solar UV irradiance for the United States. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81:1276 - 1286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randerson-Moor JA, Taylor JC, Elliott F, Chang YM, Beswick S, Kukalizch K, et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and melanoma: UK case-control comparisons and a meta-analysis of published VDR data. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:3271 - 3281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988–1994 compared with 2000–2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:1519 - 1527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo C Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988–2004. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169:626 - 632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass D, Lens M, Swaminathan R, Spector TD, Bataille V. Pigmentation and vitamin D metabolism in Caucasians: low vitamin D serum levels in fair skin types in the UK. PLoS One 2009; 4:6477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Engelsen O, Pasco JA, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW, et al. The high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency across Australian populations is only partly explained by season and latitude. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:1132 - 1139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert MR, Ostheimer KG. The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: part 3. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49:1096 - 1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock MA, Moses AM. Skin cancer meets vitamin D: the way forward for dermatology and public health. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:720 - 724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Mohr SB, et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health 2006; 96:252 - 261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Vitamin D for Cancer Prevention: Global Perspective. Ann Epi 2009; 19:463 - 468
   Google Scholar
• Parker J, Hashmi O, Dutton D, Mavrodaris A, Stranges S, Kandala NB, et al. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Maturitas, epub http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.013
   Google Scholar
• Bikle DD. Vitamin D and the immune system: role in protection against bacterial infection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2008; 17:348 - 352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannell JJ, Zasloff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E. On the epidemiology of influenza. Virol J 2008; 5:29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:266 - 281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. In defense of the sun: An estimate of changes in mortality rates in the United States if mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were raised to 45 ng/mL by solar ultraviolet-B irradiance. Dermato-Endocrinology 2009; 1:207 - 214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grant WB, Cross HS, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Moan J, Peterlik M, et al. Estimated benefit of increased vitamin D status in reducing the economic burden of disease in western Europe. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2009; 99:104 - 113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB, Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ, Whiting SJ. An estimate of the economic burden and premature deaths due to vitamin D deficiency in Canada. Molec Nutr Food Res In press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godar DE, Landry RJ, Lucas AD. Increased UVA exposures and decreased cutaneous Vitamin D(3) levels may be responsible for the increasing incidence of melanoma. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:434 - 443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangpricha V, Turner A, Spina C, Decastro S, Chen TC, Holick MF. Tanning is associated with optimal vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) and higher bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1645 - 1649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porojnicu AC, Bruland OS, Aksnes L, Grant WB, Moan J. Sun beds and cod liver oil as vitamin D sources. J Photochem Photobiol B 2008; 91:125 - 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moan J, Lagunova Z, Cicarma E, Aksnes L, Dahlback A, Grant WB, et al. Sunbeds as vitamin D sources. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1474 - 1479
   Google Scholar
• Webb AR, DeCosta BR, Holick MF. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68:882 - 887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein E, Lindqvist PG, Geppert B, Olsson H. A population-based cohort study on sun habits and endometrial cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:537 - 540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist PG, Epstein E, Olsson H. Does an active sun exposure habit lower the risk of venous thrombotic events? A D-lightful hypothesis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:605 - 610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autier P. Perspectives in melanoma prevention: the case of sunbeds. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:2367 - 2376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991; 20:47 - 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:933 - 941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor DA, Smith GD. Cardiovascular risk and hormone replacement therapy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 18:658 - 665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson HD, Humphrey LL, Nygren P, Teutsch SM, Allan JD. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA 2002; 288:872 - 881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr SB. A brief history of vitamin D and cancer prevention. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:79 - 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB, Mohr SB. Ecological studies of ultraviolet B, vitamin D and cancer since 2000. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:446 - 454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. Vitamin D and Cancer. IARC Working Group Reports 2008; 5 Lyon International Agency for research on Cancer
   Google Scholar
• Grant WB. A critical review of Vitamin D and cancer: A report of the IARC Working Group on vitamin D. Dermato-Endocrinology 2009; 1:25 - 33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill AB. The environment and disease: Association or causation?. Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58:295 - 300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. How strong is the evidence that solar ultraviolet B and vitamin D reduce the risk of cancer? An examination using Hill's criteria for causality. Dermato-Endocrinology 2009; 1:17 - 24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar