The role of fatty acid elongation in epidermal structure and function

References

• Elias PM, Menon GK. Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Adv Lipid Res 1991; 24:1 - 26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006; 38:441 - 446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aveldano MI, Sprecher H. Very long chain (C24 to C36) polyenoic fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 series in dipolyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines from bovine retina. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:1180 - 1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp P, Johnson D, Poulos A. Molecular species of phosphatidylcholine containing very long chain fatty acids in human brain: enrichment in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy brain and diseases of peroxisome biogenesis brain. J Neurochem 1991; 56:30 - 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grogan WM. Metabolism of arachidonate in rat testis: characterization of 26–30 carbon polyenoic acids. Lipids 1984; 19:341 - 346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulos A, Sharp P, Johnson D, Easton C. The occurrence of polyenoic fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms in mammalian spermatozoa. Biochem J 1986; 240:891 - 895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard AE, Pereira SL, Sprecher H, Huang YS. Elongation of long-chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2004; 43:36 - 54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson A, Westerberg R, Jacobsson A. Fatty acid elongases in mammals: their regulation and roles in metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2006; 45:237 - 249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon YA, Horton JD. Identification of two mammalian reductases involved in the two-carbon fatty acyl elongation cascade. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:7335 - 7343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda M, Kanao Y, Yamanaka M, Sakuraba H, Mizutani Y, Igarashi Y, et al. Characterization of four mammalian 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratases involved in very longchain fatty acid synthesis. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2435 - 2440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aveldano MI. A novel group of very long chain polyenoic fatty acids in dipolyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines from vertebrate retina. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:1172 - 1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furland NE, Oresti GM, Antollini SS, Venturino A, Maldonado EN, Aveldaño MI. Very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are the major acyl groups of sphingomyelins and ceramides in the head of mammalian spermatozoa. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18151 - 18161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabionet M, van der Spoel AC, Chuang CC, von Tümpling-Radosta B, Litjens M, Bouwmeester D, et al. Male germ cells require polyenoic sphingolipids with complex glycosylation for completion of meiosis: a link to ceramide synthase-3. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13357 - 13369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Hara M, Nishio H, Sidransky E, Inoue S, Otsuka F, et al. Epidermal sphingomyelins are precursors for selected stratum corneum ceramides. J Lipid Res 2000; 41:2071 - 2082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno Y, Suto S, Yamanaka M, Mizutani Y, Mitsutake S, Igarashi Y, et al. ELOVL1 production of C24 acyl-CoAs is linked to C24 sphingolipid synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:18439 - 18444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr GO, Burr MM. On the Nature and Role of Fatty Acids Essential in Nutrition. J Biol Chem 1930; 86:587 - 621
   Google Scholar
• Gray GM, White RJ, Majer JR. 1-(3′-O-acyl)-beta-glucosyl-N-dihydroxypentatriacontadienoylsphingosine, a major component of the glucosylceramides of pig and human epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1978; 528:127 - 137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz PW, Downing DT. Ceramides of pig epidermis: structure determination. J Lipid Res 1983; 24:759 - 765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowser PA, Nugteren DH, White RJ, Houtsmuller UM, Prottey C. Identification, isolation and characterization of epidermal lipids containing linoleic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985; 834:419 - 428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwstra JA, Ponec M. The skin barrier in healthy and diseased state. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1758:2080 - 2095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imokawa G, Abe A, Jin K, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Hidano A. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin?. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96:523 - 526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto A, Serizawa S, Ito M, Sato Y. Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis. Archives for Dermatological Research. Archiv fur Dermatologische Forschung 1991; 283:219 - 223
   Google Scholar
• Di Nardo A, Wertz P, Giannetti A, Seidenari S. Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 1998; 78:27 - 30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers J, Harding C, Mayo A, Banks J, Rawlings A. Stratum corneum lipids: the effect of ageing and the seasons. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288:765 - 770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paige DG, Morse-Fisher N, Harper JI. Quantification of stratum corneum ceramides and lipid envelope ceramides in the hereditary ichthyoses. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:23 - 27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Cho Y, Moradian S, Kim J, Nakajima K, Crumrine D, et al. Neutral lipid storage leads to acylceramide deficiency, likely contributing to the pathogenesis of Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2497 - 2499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, Kniazeva M, Han M, Li W, Yu Z, Yang Z, et al. A 5 bp deletion in ELOVL4 is associated with two related forms of autosomal dominant macular dystrophy. Nat Genet 2001; 27:89 - 93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasireddy V, Uchida Y, Salem N Jr, Kim SY, Mandal MN, Reddy GB, et al. Loss of functional ELOVL4 depletes very long-chain fatty acids (≥C28) and the unique {omega}-O-acylceramides in skin leading to neonatal death. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:471 - 482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon A, Butovich IA, Mata NL, Klein M, Ritter R 3rd, Richardson J, et al. Retinal pathology and skin barrier defect in mice carrying a Stargardt disease-3 mutation in elongase of very long chain fatty acids-4. Mol Vis 2007; 13:258 - 272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Sandhoff R, Kono M, Zerfas P, Hoffmann V, Ding BC, et al. Depletion of ceramides with very long chain fatty acids causes defective skin permeability barrier function, and neonatal lethality in ELOVL4 deficient mice. Int J Biol Sci 2007; 3:120 - 128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radner FP, Streith IE, Schoiswohl G, Schweiger M, Kumari M, Eichmann TO, et al. Growth retardation, impaired triacylglycerol catabolism, hepatic steatosis and lethal skin barrier defect in mice lacking comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7300 - 7311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ujihara M, Nakajima K, Yamamoto M, Teraishi M, Uchida Y, Akiyama M, et al. Epidermal triglyceride levels are correlated with severity of ichthyosis in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 57:102 - 107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Holleran WM. Omega-O-acylceramide, a lipid essential for mammalian survival. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 51:77 - 87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz PW, Madison KC, Downing DT. Covalently bound lipids of human stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:109 - 111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Behne M, Quiec D, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Vitamin C stimulates sphingolipid production and markers of barrier formation in submerged human keratinocyte cultures. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1307 - 1313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamanaka S, Nakazawa S, Yamanaka M, Uchida Y, Otsuka F. Glucosylceramide Accumulates Preferentially in Lamellar Bodies in Differentiated Keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:426 - 434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon YA, Hammer RE, Horton JD. Deletion of ELOVL5 leads to fatty liver through activation of SREBP-1c in mice. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:412 - 423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuzaka T, Shimano H, Yahagi N, Kato T, Atsumi A, Yamamoto T, et al. Crucial role of a long-chain fatty acid elongase, Elovl6, in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 2007; 13:1193 - 1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerberg R, Tvrdik P, Undén AB, Månsson JE, Norlén L, Jakobsson A, et al. Role for ELOVL3 and fatty acid chain length in development of hair and skin function. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:5621 - 5629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pewzner-Jung Y, Ben-Dor S, Futerman AH. When do Lasses (longevity assurance genes) become CerS (ceramide synthases)?: Insights into the regulation of ceramide synthesis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:25001 - 25005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holleran WM, Takagi Y, Uchida Y. Epidermal sphingolipids: Metabolism, function and role(s) in skin disorders. FEBS Letters 2006; 23:5456 - 5466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizutani Y, Mitsutake S, Tsuji K, Kihara A, Igarashi Y. Ceramide biosynthesis in keratinocyte and its role in skin function. Biochimie 2009; 91:784 - 790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ternes P, Franke S, Zähringer U, Sperling P, Heinz E. Identification and characterization of a sphingolipid delta 4-desaturase family. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25512 - 25518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart ME, Downing DT. A new 6-hydroxy-4-sphingenine-containing ceramide in human skin. J Lipid Res 1999; 40:1434 - 1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamanaka S, Nakazawa S, Yamanaka M, Uchida Y, Otsuka F. Glucosylceramide accumulates preferentially in lamellar bodies in differentiated keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:426 - 434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behne M, Uchida Y, Seki T, de Montellano PO, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Omega-hydroxyceramides are required for corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) formation and normal epidermal permeability barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:185 - 192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz PW, Downing DT. Metabolism of linoleic acid in porcine epidermis. J Lipid Res 1990; 31:1839 - 1844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone SJ, Myers HM, Watkins SM, Brown BE, Feingold KR, Elias PM, et al. Lipopenia and skin barrier abnormalities in DGAT2-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:11767 - 11776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda Y, Uchida Y, Moradian S, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Bikle DD. Vitamin D Receptor and Coactivators SRC2 and 3 Regulate Epidermis-Specific Sphingolipid Production and Permeability Barrier Formation. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1367 - 1378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson A, Jorgensen JA, Jacobsson A. Differential regulation of fatty acid elongation enzymes in brown adipocytes implies a unique role for Elovl3 during increased fatty acid oxidation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:517 - 526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Botolin D, Christian B, Busik J, Xu J, Jump DB. Tissue-specific, nutritional and developmental regulation of rat fatty acid elongases. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:706 - 715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen JA, Zadravec D, Jacobsson A. Norepinephrine and rosiglitazone synergistically induce Elovl3 expression in brown adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:1159 - 1168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Dalen KT, Gustafsson JA, Nebb HI. Regulation of hepatic fatty acid elongase 5 by LXRalpha-SREBP-1c. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1791:140 - 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson KJ, Stewart ME, Michelsen S, Lazo ND, Downing DT. 6-Hydroxy-4-sphingenine in human epidermal ceramides. J Lipid Res 1994; 35:2060 - 2068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motta S, Monti M, Sesana S, Caputo R, Carelli S, Ghidoni R. Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1182:147 - 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar