Toward a workable biosafety system for regulating genetically modified organisms in Ethiopia

References

• Abraham A. Agricultural biotechnology research and development in Ethiopia. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8:7196 - 204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayele S. Biotechnology and biodiversity debates and policies in Africa. IKD Working Paper No. 29. The Open University. 2008; 19 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Egziabher GTB. Balancing biosafety, trade and economic development interests in the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol: A developing country perspective. pp. 33-34. In: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: From negotiation to implementation, Secretariat on the Convention of Biological Diversity, CBD News, Special Report, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Authority. Environmental Policy. The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority in Collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation, April 2, 1997. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Authority. Biosafety Framework (Final Draft). The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Convention on Biological Diversity. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Text and annexes Montréal. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000; 30 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Biosafety Proclamation No. 655/2009. Federal Negarit Gazetta of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 15th Year No. 63, Addis Ababa, 9th September, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Authority, The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Directive No. 01/2009, Directive No. 02/2009, Directive No. 03/2009, Directive No. 04/2009, Directive No. 05/2009 and Directive No. 06/2009 issued in accordance with Article 22 of the Biosafety Proclamation No. 655/2009. January 2008, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Ayele S. The legitimation of GMO governance in Africa. Sci Public Policy 2007; 34:239 - 49; http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234207X213931
   Google Scholar
• Zenebe W. Overlooked bill makes big waves for international aid. Addis Fortune [Newsletter]. Volume 10, No. 495. November 1, 2009 issue. Available on www.addisfortune.agenda.htm
   Google Scholar
• Teklewold A, Assefa S. Biotechnology in the Agricultural Research Institutes of Ethiopia: A tool of hope to advance the prime economic sector. pp. 114-132. In: Seyoum E, Nigussie M, Cherinet G, Zeweldu T (eds.). Proceedings of the First National Biotechnology and Biosafety Workshop of Ethiopia. 1-4 February 2010, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe G. Implementing the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol through National biosafety regulatory systems: an analysis of key unresolved Issues. Journal of Public Affairs 2005; 5:299 - 311; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.30
   Google Scholar
• Convention on Biological Diversity. Biosafety and the Environment. An Introduction to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity/United Nations Environmental Program. 2003; 15 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Puttagunta PS. The precautionary principle in the regulation of genetically modified organisms. Health Law Rev 2001; 9:10 - 7; PMID: 15706712
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gruère GP, Rosegrant MW. Assessing the implementation effects of the biosafety protocol’s proposed stringent information requirements for genetically modified commodities in countries of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. Review of Agricultural Economics 2008; 30:214 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9353.2008.00401.x
   Google Scholar
• Kimani V, Gruère G. Implications of import regulations and information requirements under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety for GM commodities in Kenya. AgBioForum 2010; 13:222 - 41
   Google Scholar
• Rao SR. Status of Regulation of Genetically Engineered Products in Selected Countries – An Analysis. Asia Biotechnology and Development Review 2003; 6:23 - 38
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe G. Comparative analysis of the national biosafety regulatory systems in East Africa. IFPRI Discussion Paper 146, January 2006, 81pp.
   Google Scholar
• Vosges M. Regulation of GMO activities in South Africa: Experience from a technology developer. Workshop proceedings report on: GMOs for African Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities. pp. 141-146. ISBN: 978-0-9814159-7-0; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Pray CE, Bengali P, Ramaswani B. The cost of regulation: The Indian Experience. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 2005; 44:267 - 89
   Google Scholar
• James C. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: ISAAA Brief No. 43. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• James C. Global status of commercialized Biotech/GM crops: ISAAA Brief No. 44. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Paarlberg R. Are genetically modified (GM) crops a commercial risk for Africa?. Int. J. Technology and Globalization 2006; 2:81 - 92
   Google Scholar
• Paarlberg R, Wafula D, Minde I, Wakhungu JW. Commercial export risks from approval of genetically modified (GM) crops in the COMESA/ASARECA region. /Robert Paarlberg,-Nairobi, Kenya: ACTS Press ISBN 9966-41-144-5; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Knight JG, Mather DW, Holdsworth DK. Impact of genetic modification on country image of imported food products in European markets. Perceptions of Channel Members. Food Policy 2005; 30:385 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes G, Barfoot PGM. Crops: Global socioeconomic and environmental impacts 1996-2009. PG Economics Ltd. Dorchestere, UK; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Pelaez V. State of exception in the regulation of genetically modified organisms in Brazil. Sci Public Policy 2009; 36:61 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234209X403235
   Google Scholar