New insights into the hygiene hypothesis in allergic diseases

References

• Romagnani S. Regulatory T cells: which role in the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic disorders?. Allergy 2006; 61:3 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01005.x; PMID: 16364151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngoc PL, Gold DR, Tzianabos AO, Weiss ST, Celedón JC. Cytokines, allergy, and asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 5:161 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.all.0000162309.97480.45; PMID: 15764907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher MI, Montefort S, Björkstén B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, Williams H, ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006; 368:733 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69283-0; PMID: 16935684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams H, Stewart A, von Mutius E, Cookson W, Anderson HR, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase One and Three Study Groups. Is eczema really on the increase worldwide?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:947 - 54, e15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.004; PMID: 18155278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak D, Suppli Ulrik C, von Mutius E. Asthma and atopy: has peak prevalence been reached?. Eur Respir J 2004; 23:359 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00134004; PMID: 15065820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989; 299:1259 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259; PMID: 2513902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan DP. Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis”. Thorax 2000; 55:Suppl 1 S2 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.55.suppl_1.S2; PMID: 10943631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmaus W, Botezan C. Does a higher number of siblings protect against the development of allergy and asthma? A review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56:209 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.209; PMID: 11854343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mutius E. Environmental factors influencing the development and progression of pediatric asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:Suppl S525 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.124565; PMID: 12063508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkstén B. Effects of intestinal microflora and the environment on the development of asthma and allergy. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2004; 25:257 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-003-0142-2; PMID: 15007630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flohr C, Pascoe D, Williams HC. Atopic dermatitis and the ‘hygiene hypothesis’: too clean to be true?. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:202 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06436.x; PMID: 15727630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold AE. The hygiene hypothesis revised: is the rising frequency of allergy due to changes in the intestinal flora?. Allergy 1998; 53:Suppl 20 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04953.x; PMID: 9825991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler JE, Sun J, Weber P, Navarro P, Francis D. Antibody repertoire development in fetal and newborn piglets, III. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract selectively diversifies the preimmune repertoire in mucosal lymphoid tissues. Immunology 2000; 100:119 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00013.x; PMID: 10809967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk PG, Hooper LV, Midtvedt T, Gordon JI. Creating and maintaining the gastrointestinal ecosystem: what we know and need to know from gnotobiology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998; 62:1157 - 70; PMID: 9841668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudo N, Sawamura S, Tanaka K, Aiba Y, Kubo C, Koga Y. The requirement of intestinal bacterial flora for the development of an IgE production system fully susceptible to oral tolerance induction. J Immunol 1997; 159:1739 - 45; PMID: 9257835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Ohsawa M. Oral tolerance to ovalbumin in mice as a model for detecting modulators of the immunologic tolerance to a specific antigen. Biol Pharm Bull 1995; 18:854 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.18.854; PMID: 7550120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens B, Quarcoo D, Buhner S, Matricardi PM, Hamelmann E. Oral administration of bacterial lysates attenuates experimental food allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:196 - 204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000322352; PMID: 21597300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14691 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005963107; PMID: 20679230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012; 486:222 - 7; PMID: 22699611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR. Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001631; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631; PMID: 23976878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanaro S, Chierici R, Guerrini P, Vigi V. Intestinal microflora in early infancy: composition and development. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2003; 91:48 - 55; PMID: 14599042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noverr MC, Huffnagle GB. The ‘microflora hypothesis’ of allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:1511 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02379.x; PMID: 16393316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer C, Bik EM, DiGiulio DB, Relman DA, Brown PO. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e177; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050177; PMID: 17594176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens D, Jonkers D, Stobberingh E, van den Bogaard A, Russel M, Stockbrügger R. Probiotics in gastroenterology: indications and future perspectives. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 2003; (239):15 - 23; PMID: 14743878
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noverr MC, Huffnagle GB. Does the microbiota regulate immune responses outside the gut?. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12:562 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.10.008; PMID: 15539116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11971 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002601107; PMID: 20566857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma FF, Snijders B, Kummeling I, van den Brandt PA, Stobberingh EE. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics 2006; 118:511 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2824; PMID: 16882802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penders J, Gerhold K, Stobberingh EE, Thijs C, Zimmermann K, Lau S, Hamelmann E. Establishment of the intestinal microbiota and its role for atopic dermatitis in early childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:601 - 7, e8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.043; PMID: 23900058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlerberth I, Strachan DP, Matricardi PM, Ahrné S, Orfei L, Aberg N, Perkin MR, Tripodi S, Hesselmar B, Saalman R, et al. Gut microbiota and development of atopic eczema in 3 European birth cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:343 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.018; PMID: 17604093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grönlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 28:19 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199901000-00007; PMID: 9890463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson HE, Abrahamsson TR, Jenmalm MC, Harris K, Quince C, Jernberg C, Björkstén B, Engstrand L, Andersson AF. Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by Caesarean section. Gut 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303249; PMID: 23926244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, Guttman DS, Field CJ, Chari RS, Sears MR, Becker AB, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL, CHILD Study Investigators. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ 2013; 185:385 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.121189; PMID: 23401405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, Guttman DS, Field CJ, Sears MR, Becker AB, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Infant gut microbiota and the hygiene hypothesis of allergic disease: impact of household pets and siblings on microbiota composition and diversity. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2013; 9:15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-9-15; PMID: 23607879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Thijs C, Adams H, Vink C, van Ree R, van den Brandt PA. Molecular fingerprinting of the intestinal microbiota of infants in whom atopic eczema was or was not developing. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:1602 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02599.x; PMID: 17177684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap GC, Chee KK, Hong PY, Lay C, Satria CD, Sumadiono, Soenarto Y, Haksari EL, Aw M, Shek LP, et al. Evaluation of stool microbiota signatures in two cohorts of Asian (Singapore and Indonesia) newborns at risk of atopy. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:193; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-193; PMID: 21875444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, Björkstén B, Engstrand L, Jenmalm MC. Low diversity of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:434 - 40, e1-2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.025; PMID: 22153774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forno E, Onderdonk AB, McCracken J, Litonjua AA, Laskey D, Delaney ML, Dubois AM, Gold DR, Ryan LM, Weiss ST, et al. Diversity of the gut microbiota and eczema in early life. Clin Mol Allergy 2008; 6:11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-7961-6-11; PMID: 18808715
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ismail IH, Oppedisano F, Joseph SJ, Boyle RJ, Licciardi PV, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. Reduced gut microbial diversity in early life is associated with later development of eczema but not atopy in high-risk infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012; 23:674 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01328.x; PMID: 22831283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Karlsson C, Olsson C, Adlerberth I, Wold AE, Strachan DP, Martricardi PM, Aberg N, Perkin MR, Tripodi S, et al. Reduced diversity in the early fecal microbiota of infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:129 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.011; PMID: 18028995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylund L, Satokari R, Nikkilä J, Rajilić-Stojanović M, Kalliomäki M, Isolauri E, Salminen S, de Vos WM. Microarray analysis reveals marked intestinal microbiota aberrancy in infants having eczema compared to healthy children in at-risk for atopic disease. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-12; PMID: 23339708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautava S, Ruuskanen O, Ouwehand A, Salminen S, Isolauri E. The hygiene hypothesis of atopic disease--an extended version. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38:378 - 88; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200404000-00004; PMID: 15085015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AD, Zumbo BD. Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators. Soc Indic Res 2008; 87:367 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9143-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Declercq E, Young R, Cabral H, Ecker J. Is a rising cesarean delivery rate inevitable? Trends in industrialized countries, 1987 to 2007. Birth 2011; 38:99 - 104; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00459.x; PMID: 21599731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group ECW, ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Europe the continent with the lowest fertility. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 16:590 - 602; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmq023; PMID: 20603286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:634 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x; PMID: 18266879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Nimwegen FA, Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Postma DS, Koppelman GH, Kerkhof M, Reijmerink NE, Dompeling E, van den Brandt PA, Ferreira I, et al. Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:948 - 55, e1-3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.027; PMID: 21872915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar