2,587
Views
113
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Focus Review

The role of microbiota in hepatic encephalopathy

Pages 397-403 | Received 19 Nov 2013, Accepted 27 Mar 2014, Published online: 01 Apr 2014

References

  • Quigley EM, Stanton C, Murphy EF. The gut microbiota and the liver. Pathophysiological and clinical implications. J Hepatol 2013; 58:1020 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.11.023; PMID: 23183530
  • Tandon P, Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28:26 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1040319; PMID: 18293275
  • Bajaj JS, Gillevet PM, Patel NR, Ahluwalia V, Ridlon JM, Kettenmann B, Schubert CM, Sikaroodi M, Heuman DM, Crossey MM, et al. A longitudinal systems biology analysis of lactulose withdrawal in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:205 - 15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9303-0; PMID: 22527995
  • Bajaj JS, Wade JB, Sanyal AJ. Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: Implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2009; 50:2014 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.23216; PMID: 19787808
  • Ortiz M, Jacas C, Córdoba J. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: diagnosis, clinical significance and recommendations. J Hepatol 2005; 42:Suppl S45 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.028; PMID: 15777572
  • Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy--definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002; 35:716 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.31250; PMID: 11870389
  • Shawcross DL, Wright G, Olde Damink SW, Jalan R. Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2007; 22:125 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-006-9042-1; PMID: 17260161
  • Bajaj JS. Review article: the modern management of hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31:537 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04211.x; PMID: 20002027
  • Romero-Gómez M, Jover M, Del Campo JA, Royo JL, Hoyas E, Galán JJ, Montoliu C, Baccaro E, Guevara M, Córdoba J, et al. Variations in the promoter region of the glutaminase gene and the development of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153:281 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00002; PMID: 20820037
  • Riggio O, Varriale M, Testore GP, Di Rosa R, Di Rosa E, Merli M, Romiti A, Candiani C, Capocaccia L. Effect of lactitol and lactulose administration on the fecal flora in cirrhotic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 12:433 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199008000-00016; PMID: 2398251
  • Tarao K, Tamai S, Ito Y, Okawa S, Hayashi M. [Effects of lactitol on fecal bacterial flora in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 1995; 92:1037 - 50; PMID: 7643458
  • Liu Q, Duan ZP, Ha DK, Bengmark S, Kurtovic J, Riordan SM. Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004; 39:1441 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20194; PMID: 15122774
  • Kamath PS, Kim WR, Advanced Liver Disease Study Group. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Hepatology 2007; 45:797 - 805; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.21563; PMID: 17326206
  • Chen Y, Yang F, Lu H, Wang B, Chen Y, Lei D, Wang Y, Zhu B, Li L. Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 54:562 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.24423; PMID: 21574172
  • Bajaj JS, Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB, Thacker LR, Heuman DM, Smith S, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G168 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00190.2011; PMID: 21940902
  • Nava GM, Stappenbeck TS. Diversity of the autochthonous colonic microbiota. Gut Microbes 2011; 2:99 - 104; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.2.2.15416; PMID: 21694499
  • Bajaj JS, Hylemon PB, Heuman DM, et al. The Cirrhosis Dysbiosis Ratio defines Changes in the Gut Microbiome Associated with Cirrhosis and its Complications. J Hepatol 2014.; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.019
  • Zhang Z, Zhai H, Geng J, Yu R, Ren H, Fan H, Shi P. Large-scale survey of gut microbiota associated with MHE Via 16S rRNA-based pyrosequencing. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:1601 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.221; PMID: 23877352
  • Teltschik Z, Wiest R, Beisner J, Nuding S, Hofmann C, Schoelmerich J, Bevins CL, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. Intestinal bacterial translocation in rats with cirrhosis is related to compromised Paneth cell antimicrobial host defense. Hepatology 2012; 55:1154 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.24789; PMID: 22095436
  • Kappus MR, Bajaj JS. Covert hepatic encephalopathy: not as minimal as you might think. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:1208 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.05.026; PMID: 22728384
  • Ahluwalia V, Wade JB, Heuman DM, Hammeke TA, Sanyal AJ, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, Luketic V, Siddiqui MS, Puri P, et al. Enhancement of functional connectivity, working memory and inhibitory control on multi-modal brain MR imaging with Rifaximin in Cirrhosis: Implications for the gut-liver-brain axis. Metab Brain Dis 2014; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9507-6; PMID: 24590688
  • Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Christensen KM, Hafeezullah M, Varma RR, Franco J, Pleuss JA, Krakower G, Hoffmann RG, Binion DG. Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:1707 - 15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01861.x; PMID: 18691193
  • Mittal VV, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Sarin SK. A randomized controlled trial comparing lactulose, probiotics, and L-ornithine L-aspartate in treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23:725 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834696f5; PMID: 21646910
  • Jain L, Sharma BC, Srivastava S, Puri SK, Sharma P, Sarin S. Serum endotoxin, inflammatory mediators, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after treatment in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1187 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12160; PMID: 23425082
  • Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sanyal AJ, Hylemon PB, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, Fuchs M, Ridlon JM, Daita K, Monteith P, et al. Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60042; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060042; PMID: 23565181
  • Ahluwalia V, Wade JB, Heuman DM, Hammeke TA, Sanyal AJ, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, Luketic V, Siddiqui MS, Puri P, et al. Enhancement of functional connectivity, working memory and inhibitory control on multi-modal brain MR imaging with Rifaximin in Cirrhosis: Implications for the gut-liver-brain axis. Metab Brain Dis 2014; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9507-6; PMID: 24590688
  • Jiang ZD, Ke S, Dupont HL. Rifaximin-induced alteration of virulence of diarrhoea-producing Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 35:278 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.11.013; PMID: 20045287
  • Vanhoutte T, De Preter V, De Brandt E, Verbeke K, Swings J, Huys G. Molecular monitoring of the fecal microbiota of healthy human subjects during administration of lactulose and Saccharomyces boulardii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5990 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00233-06; PMID: 16957220
  • Bajaj JS, Hylemon PB, Ridlon JM, Heuman DM, Daita K, White MB, Monteith P, Noble NA, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Colonic mucosal microbiome differs from stool microbiome in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy and is linked to cognition and inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G675 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2012; PMID: 22821944
  • Vlahcevic ZR, Buhac I, Bell CC Jr., Swell L. Abnormal metabolism of secondary bile acids in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 1970; 11:420 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.11.5.420; PMID: 5428044
  • Kakiyama G, Pandak WM, Gillevet PM, Hylemon PB, Heuman DM, Daita K, Takei H, Muto A, Nittono H, Ridlon JM, et al. Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013; 58:949 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.003; PMID: 23333527
  • Ridlon JM, Alves JM, Hylemon PB, Bajaj JS. Cirrhosis, bile acids, and gut microbiota: Unraveling a complex relationship. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:4; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.25723; PMID: 23851335
  • Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Gratadoux JJ, Blugeon S, Bridonneau C, Furet JP, Corthier G, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16731 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804812105; PMID: 18936492
  • Zoetendal EG, Ben-Amor K, Harmsen HJ, Schut F, Akkermans AD, de Vos WM. Quantification of uncultured Ruminococcus obeum-like bacteria in human fecal samples by fluorescent in situ hybridization and flow cytometry using 16S rRNA-targeted probes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4225 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.9.4225-4232.2002; PMID: 12200269
  • Zapater P, Francés R, González-Navajas JM, de la Hoz MA, Moreu R, Pascual S, Monfort D, Montoliu S, Vila C, Escudero A, et al. Serum and ascitic fluid bacterial DNA: a new independent prognostic factor in noninfected patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2008; 48:1924 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22564; PMID: 19003911
  • Montano-Loza AJ, Meza-Junco J, Prado CM, Lieffers JR, Baracos VE, Bain VG, Sawyer MB. Muscle wasting is associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:166 - 73, e1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.028; PMID: 21893129
  • Olde Damink SW, Jalan R, Dejong CH. Interorgan ammonia trafficking in liver disease. Metab Brain Dis 2009; 24:169 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-008-9122-5; PMID: 19067143
  • McPhail MJ, Taylor-Robinson SD. The role of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:65 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-010-9171-4; PMID: 20221679
  • Mutlu EA, Gillevet PM, Rangwala H, Sikaroodi M, Naqvi A, Engen PA, Kwasny M, Lau CK, Keshavarzian A. Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G966 - 78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00380.2011; PMID: 22241860
  • Hartmann P, Chen WC, Schnabl B. The intestinal microbiome and the leaky gut as therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver disease. Front Physiol 2012; 3:402; http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00402; PMID: 23087650
  • Bajaj JS, Forton DM. Cognitive improvement after HCV eradication: Extending the benefits. Hepatology 2013; 58:480 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26481; PMID: 23696270
  • Lu H, Wu Z, Xu W, Yang J, Chen Y, Li L. Intestinal microbiota was assessed in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Intestinal microbiota of HBV cirrhotic patients. Microb Ecol 2011; 61:693 - 703; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-010-9801-8; PMID: 21286703
  • Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Sanyal AJ, Puri P, Sterling RK, Luketic V, Stravitz RT, Siddiqui MS, Fuchs M, et al. Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus GG modulates gut microbiome, metabolome and endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:1113 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.12695; PMID: 24628464

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.