2,329
Views
78
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Development of a multicomponent Staphylococcus aureus vaccine designed to counter multiple bacterial virulence factors

, , , , , & show all
Pages 1585-1594 | Received 15 May 2012, Accepted 17 Aug 2012, Published online: 24 Aug 2012

References

  • Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:520 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199808203390806; PMID: 9709046
  • Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:309 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421946; PMID: 15306996
  • Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, Kluytmans J, Hedblom EC, Smulders M, et al. The burden of Staphylococcus aureus infections on hospitals in the United States: an analysis of the 2000 and 2001 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1756 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.15.1756; PMID: 16087824
  • Rubin RJ, Harrington CA, Poon A, Dietrich K, Greene JA, Moiduddin A. The economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus infection in New York City hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5:9 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0501.990102; PMID: 10081667
  • Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Fosheim GE, Albrecht V, Limbago B, et al, EMERGEncy ID NET Study Group. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus as an etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:1126 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis022; PMID: 22438343
  • Nimmo GR. USA300 abroad: global spread of a virulent strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:725 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03822.x; PMID: 22448902
  • Tong SY, Chen LF, Fowler VG Jr.. Colonization, pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and therapeutics for Staphylococcus aureus: what is the clinical relevance?. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:185 - 200; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0300-x; PMID: 22160374
  • Rivera AM, Boucher HW. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against select gram-positive organisms: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant pneumococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86:1230 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2011.0514; PMID: 22134942
  • Karamatsu ML, Thorp AW, Brown L. Changes in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections presenting to the pediatric emergency department: comparing 2003 to 2008. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28:131 - 5; PMID: 22270497
  • Skov R, Christiansen K, Dancer SJ, Daum RS, Dryden M, Huang Y-C, et al. Update on the prevention and control of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39:193 - 200; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.029; PMID: 22226649
  • Del Giudice P, Tattevin P, Etienne J.. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Review Presse Medicale 2011;
  • Sivaraman K, Venkataraman N, Tsai J, Dewell S, Cole AM. Genome sequencing and analysis reveals possible determinants of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:433; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-433; PMID: 18808706
  • Muthukrishnan G, Quinn GA, Lamers RP, Diaz C, Cole AL, Chen S, et al. Exoproteome of Staphylococcus aureus reveals putative determinants of nasal carriage. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2064 - 78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr200029r; PMID: 21338050
  • Krishna S, Miller LS. Host-pathogen interactions between the skin and Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:28 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.003; PMID: 22137885
  • Edwards AM, Massey RC, Clarke SR. Molecular mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:1 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00628.x; PMID: 22230461
  • Malachowa N, Whitney AR, Kobayashi SD, Sturdevant DE, Kennedy AD, Braughton KR, et al. Global changes in Staphylococcus aureus gene expression in human blood. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18617; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018617; PMID: 21525981
  • Rigby KM, DeLeo FR. Neutrophils in innate host defense against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:237 - 59; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0295-3; PMID: 22080185
  • Kim HK, Thammavongsa V, Schneewind O, Missiakas D. Recurrent infections and immune evasion strategies of Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:92 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.10.012; PMID: 22088393
  • Cheng AG, Kim HK, Burts ML, Krausz T, Schneewind O, Missiakas DM. Genetic requirements for Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation and persistence in host tissues. FASEB J 2009; 23:3393 - 404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-135467; PMID: 19525403
  • Cheng AG, DeDent AC, Schneewind O, Missiakas D. A play in four acts: Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:225 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.01.007; PMID: 21353779
  • Otto M. Staphylococcal biofilms. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 322:207 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75418-3_10; PMID: 18453278
  • Harro JM, Peters BM, O’May GA, Archer N, Kerns P, Prabhakara R, et al. Vaccine development in Staphylococcus aureus: taking the biofilm phenotype into consideration. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2010; 59:306 - 23; PMID: 20602638
  • Clarke SR, Foster SJ. Surface Adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. In: Robert KP, ed. Advances in Microbial Physiology: Academic Press, 2006:187-224.
  • Heilmann C. Mechanisms of Staphylococci Bacterial Adhesion. In: Linke D, Goldman A, eds.: Springer Netherlands, 2011:105-23.
  • Cassat JE, Skaar EP. Metal ion acquisition in Staphylococcus aureus: overcoming nutritional immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:215 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0294-4; PMID: 22048835
  • Foster TJ. Immune evasion by staphylococci. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:948 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1289; PMID: 16322743
  • Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2177 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins2082177; PMID: 22069679
  • Otto M. Basis of virulence in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Annu Rev Microbiol 2010; 64:143 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134309; PMID: 20825344
  • Otto M. How Staphylococcus aureus breaches our skin to cause infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1483 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis248; PMID: 22457276
  • Gordon RJ, Lowy FD. Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:Suppl 5 S350 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/533591; PMID: 18462090
  • Lindsay JA, Moore CE, Day NP, Peacock SJ, Witney AA, Stabler RA, et al. Microarrays reveal that each of the ten dominant lineages of Staphylococcus aureus has a unique combination of surface-associated and regulatory genes. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:669 - 76; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.188.2.669-676.2006; PMID: 16385056
  • Wertheim HFL, Melles DC, Vos MC, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, et al. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:751 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70295-4; PMID: 16310147
  • Kluytmans J. A van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 3:505 - 20
  • von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G, Study Group. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:11 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101043440102; PMID: 11136954
  • Schaffer AC, Lee JC. Staphylococcal vaccines and immunotherapies. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23:153 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2008.10.005; PMID: 19135920
  • Foster TJ. Colonization and infection of the human host by staphylococci: adhesion, survival and immune evasion. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:456 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00825.x; PMID: 20178484
  • David A, Risitano DC, Mazzeo G, Sinardi L, Venuti FS, Sinardi AU. Central venous catheters and infections. Minerva Anestesiol 2005; 71:561 - 4; PMID: 16166918
  • Rafiq I, Gambhir AK, Wroblewski BM, Kay PR. The microbiology of infected hip arthroplasty. Int Orthop 2006; 30:532 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-006-0125-8; PMID: 16896877
  • Chambers ST. Diagnosis and management of staphylococcal infections of vascular grafts and stents. Intern Med J 2005; 35:Suppl 2 S72 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0903.2005.00981.x; PMID: 16271063
  • Segawa H, Tsukayama DT, Kyle RF, Becker DA, Gustilo RB. Infection after total knee arthroplasty. A retrospective study of the treatment of eighty-one infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999; 81:1434 - 45; PMID: 10535593
  • Kale-Pradhan P, Johnson LB. Treatment and recurrence management of staphylococcal infections: community-acquired MRSA. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6:909 - 15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.6.6.909; PMID: 19053903
  • Krishna S, Miller LS. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:261 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0292-6; PMID: 22057887
  • DeLeo FR, Diep BA, Otto M. Host defense and pathogenesis in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23:17 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2008.10.003; PMID: 19135914
  • Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS, Freireich EJ. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1966; 64:328 - 40; PMID: 5216294
  • Quie PG, White JG, Holmes B, Good RA. In vitro bactericidal capacity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: diminished activity in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. J Clin Invest 1967; 46:668 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI105568; PMID: 6021213
  • Johnston RB Jr., Keele BB Jr., Misra HP, Lehmeyer JE, Webb LS, Baehner RL, et al. The role of superoxide anion generation in phagocytic bactericidal activity. Studies with normal and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes. J Clin Invest 1975; 55:1357 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI108055; PMID: 166094
  • Heyworth PG, Cross AR, Curnutte JT. Chronic granulomatous disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2003; 15:578 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(03)00109-2; PMID: 14499268
  • Dinauer MC. Disorders of neutrophil function: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 412:489 - 504; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-467-4_30; PMID: 18453130
  • Lorenz E, Mira JP, Cornish KL, Arbour NC, Schwartz DA. A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6398 - 401; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.11.6398-6401.2000; PMID: 11035751
  • Figueroa JE, Densen P. Infectious diseases associated with complement deficiencies. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4:359 - 95; PMID: 1889047
  • de Beaucoudrey L, Puel A, Filipe-Santos O, Cobat A, Ghandil P, Chrabieh M, et al. Mutations in STAT3 and IL12RB1 impair the development of human IL-17-producing T cells. J Exp Med 2008; 205:1543 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080321; PMID: 18591412
  • Ma CS, Chew GYJ, Simpson N, Priyadarshi A, Wong M, Grimbacher B, et al. Deficiency of Th17 cells in hyper IgE syndrome due to mutations in STAT3. J Exp Med 2008; 205:1551 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080218; PMID: 18591410
  • Milner JD, Brenchley JM, Laurence A, Freeman AF, Hill BJ, Elias KM, et al. Impaired T(H)17 cell differentiation in subjects with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature 2008; 452:773 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06764; PMID: 18337720
  • Lin L, Ibrahim AS, Xu X, Farber JM, Avanesian V, Baquir B, et al. Th1-Th17 cells mediate protective adaptive immunity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000703; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000703; PMID: 20041174
  • Joshi A, Pancari G, Cope L, Bowman E, Cua D, Proctor R, et al. Immunization with Staphylococcus aureus iron regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) confers protection via Th17/IL17 pathway in a murine sepsis model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:0 - 10; PMID: 22327491
  • Cho JS, Pietras EM, Garcia NC, Ramos RI, Farzam DM, Monroe HR, et al. IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1762 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI40891; PMID: 20364087
  • Prabhakara R, Harro JM, Leid JG, Harris M, Shirtliff ME. Murine immune response to a chronic Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1789 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01386-10; PMID: 21282411
  • Jacobson MA, Gellermann H, Chambers H. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and recurrent staphylococcal infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1988; 85:172 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(88)80337-1; PMID: 3400693
  • Maraqa NF, Aigbivbalu L, Masnita-Iusan C, Wludyka P, Shareef Z, Bailey C, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection among infants at a level III neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39:35 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.07.013; PMID: 21281885
  • Mickenberg ID, Root RK, Wolff SM. Leukocytic function in hypogammaglobulinemia. J Clin Invest 1970; 49:1528 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI106370; PMID: 4194088
  • Trakultivakorn M, Ochs HD. X-linked agammaglobulinemia in northern Thailand. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2006; 24:57 - 63; PMID: 16913189
  • Fauci A, ed. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th Ed.: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1998.
  • Otto M. Novel targeted immunotherapy approaches for staphylococcal infection. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1049 - 59; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2010.495115; PMID: 20528609
  • Broughan J, Anderson R, Anderson AS. Strategies for and advances in the development of Staphylococcus aureus prophylactic vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:695 - 708; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.11.54; PMID: 21604989
  • Daum RS, Spellberg B. Progress toward a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:560 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir828; PMID: 22186773
  • Spellberg B, Daum R. Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:335 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0293-5; PMID: 22080194
  • Proctor RA. Challenges for a universal Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:1179 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis033; PMID: 22354924
  • Jefferies JMC, Macdonald E, Faust SN, Clarke SC. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Hum Vaccin 2011; 7:1012 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.7.10.16794; PMID: 21941097
  • Agrawal A, Murphy TF. Haemophilus influenzae infections in the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine era. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3728 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.05476-11; PMID: 21900515
  • Anderson AS, Jansen KU, Eiden J. New frontiers in meningococcal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:617 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.11.50; PMID: 21604983
  • Shinefield H, Black S, Fattom A, Horwith G, Rasgon S, Ordonez J, et al. Use of a Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:491 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011297; PMID: 11844850
  • Kuklin NA, Clark DJ, Secore S, Cook J, Cope LD, McNeely T, et al. A novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine: iron surface determinant B induces rapid antibody responses in rhesus macaques and specific increased survival in a murine S. aureus sepsis model. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2215 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.74.4.2215-2223.2006; PMID: 16552052
  • Etz H, Minh DB, Henics T, Dryla A, Winkler B, Triska C, et al. Identification of in vivo expressed vaccine candidate antigens from Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6573 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092569199; PMID: 11997460
  • Ebert T, Smith S, Pancari G, Clark D, Hampton R, Secore S, et al. A fully human monoclonal antibody to Staphylococcus aureus iron regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) with functional activity in vitro and in vivo. Hum Antibodies 2010; 19:113 - 28; PMID: 21178283
  • Kim HK, DeDent A, Cheng AG, McAdow M, Bagnoli F, Missiakas DM, et al. IsdA and IsdB antibodies protect mice against Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation and lethal challenge. Vaccine 2010; 28:6382 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.097; PMID: 20226248
  • Merck and Intercell AG Announce Termination of Phase II/III Clinical Trial of Investigational Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine, V710. Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2011. http://www.merck.com/newsroom/news-release-archive/research-and-development/2011_0608.html
  • Stranger-Jones YK, Bae T, Schneewind O. Vaccine assembly from surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16942 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606863103; PMID: 17075065
  • Murphy E, Lin SL, Nunez L, Andrew L, Fink PS, Dilts DA, et al. Challenges for the evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus protein based vaccines: monitoring antigenic diversity. Hum Vaccin 2011; 7:Suppl 51 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.7.0.14562; PMID: 21245656
  • Sompolinsky D, Samra Z, Karakawa WW, Vann WF, Schneerson R, Malik Z. Encapsulation and capsular types in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from different sources and relationship to phage types. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22:828 - 34; PMID: 2932464
  • O’Riordan K, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:218 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.1.218-234.2004; PMID: 14726462
  • Thakker M, Park J-S, Carey V, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide is antiphagocytic and enhances bacterial virulence in a murine bacteremia model. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5183 - 9; PMID: 9784520
  • Fattom AI, Sarwar J, Ortiz A, Naso R. A Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide (CP) vaccine and CP-specific antibodies protect mice against bacterial challenge. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1659 - 65; PMID: 8613375
  • Lee JC, Park JS, Shepherd SE, Carey V, Fattom A. Protective efficacy of antibodies to the Staphylococcus aureus type 5 capsular polysaccharide in a modified model of endocarditis in rats. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4146 - 51; PMID: 9317020
  • Cook J, Hepler R, Pancari G, Kuklin N, Fan H, Wang XM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus capsule type 8 antibodies provide inconsistent efficacy in murine models of staphylococcal infection. Hum Vaccin 2009; 5:254 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.5.4.6765; PMID: 18787395
  • Liu CZ, Shih MH, Tsai PJ. ClfA(221-550), a fibrinogen-binding segment of Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A, disrupts fibrinogen function. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94:286 - 94; PMID: 16113817
  • McDevitt D, Nanavaty T, House-Pompeo K, Bell E, Turner N, McIntire L, et al. Characterization of the interaction between the Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor (ClfA) and fibrinogen. Eur J Biochem 1997; 247:416 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00416.x; PMID: 9249055
  • Bayer AS, Sullam PM, Ramos M, Li C, Cheung AL, Yeaman MR. Staphylococcus aureus induces platelet aggregation via a fibrinogen-dependent mechanism which is independent of principal platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa fibrinogen-binding domains. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3634 - 41; PMID: 7642301
  • Siboo IR, Cheung AL, Bayer AS, Sullam PM. Clumping factor A mediates binding of Staphylococcus aureus to human platelets. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3120 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.5.3120-3127.2001; PMID: 11292731
  • McAdow M, Kim HK, Dedent AC, Hendrickx APA, Schneewind O, Missiakas DM. Preventing Staphylococcus aureus sepsis through the inhibition of its agglutination in blood. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002307; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002307; PMID: 22028651
  • Hair PS, Ward MD, Semmes OJ, Foster TJ, Cunnion KM. Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A binds to complement regulator factor I and increases factor I cleavage of C3b. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:125 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588825; PMID: 18544012
  • Hair PS, Echague CG, Sholl AM, Watkins JA, Geoghegan JA, Foster TJ, et al. Clumping factor A interaction with complement factor I increases C3b cleavage on the bacterial surface of Staphylococcus aureus and decreases complement-mediated phagocytosis. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1717 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01065-09; PMID: 20100856
  • Josefsson E, Hartford O, O’Brien L, Patti JM, Foster T. Protection against experimental Staphylococcus aureus arthritis by vaccination with clumping factor A, a novel virulence determinant. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:1572 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/324430; PMID: 11740733
  • Que Y-A, Haefliger J-A, Francioli P, Moreillon P. Expression of Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris using a new shuttle vector. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3516 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.6.3516-3522.2000; PMID: 10816506
  • Que Y-A, Haefliger J-A, Piroth L, François P, Widmer E, Entenza JM, et al. Fibrinogen and fibronectin binding cooperate for valve infection and invasion in Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis. J Exp Med 2005; 201:1627 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050125; PMID: 15897276
  • Josefsson E, Higgins J, Foster TJ, Tarkowski A. Fibrinogen binding sites P336 and Y338 of clumping factor A are crucial for Staphylococcus aureus virulence. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002206; PMID: 18493318
  • Vernachio J, Bayer AS, Le T, Chai Y-L, Prater B, Schneider A, et al. Anti-clumping factor A immunoglobulin reduces the duration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in an experimental model of infective endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3400 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.11.3400-3406.2003; PMID: 14576094
  • Tuchscherr LPN, Buzzola FR, Alvarez LP, Lee JC, Sordelli DO. Antibodies to capsular polysaccharide and clumping factor A prevent mastitis and the emergence of unencapsulated and small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5738 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00874-08; PMID: 18809660
  • Bloom B, Schelonka R, Kueser T, Walker W, Jung E, Kaufman D, et al, INH-A21 Phase II Study Team. Multicenter study to assess safety and efficacy of INH-A21, a donor-selected human staphylococcal immunoglobulin, for prevention of nosocomial infections in very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:858 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000180504.66437.1f; PMID: 16220082
  • DeJonge M, Burchfield D, Bloom B, Duenas M, Walker W, Polak M, et al. Clinical trial of safety and efficacy of INH-A21 for the prevention of nosocomial staphylococcal bloodstream infection in premature infants. J Pediatr 2007; 151:260 - 5, 265, e1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.060; PMID: 17719934
  • Hammer ND, Skaar EP. The impact of metal sequestration on Staphylococcus aureus metabolism. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:10 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.004; PMID: 22153710
  • Horsburgh MJ, Wharton SJ, Karavolos M, Foster SJ. Manganese: elemental defence for a life with oxygen. Trends Microbiol 2002; 10:496 - 501; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(02)02462-9; PMID: 12419613
  • Papp-Wallace KM, Maguire ME. Manganese transport and the role of manganese in virulence. Annu Rev Microbiol 2006; 60:187 - 209; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142149; PMID: 16704341
  • Karavolos MH, Horsburgh MJ, Ingham E, Foster SJ. Role and regulation of the superoxide dismutases of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology 2003; 149:2749 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26353-0; PMID: 14523108
  • Horsburgh MJ, Wharton SJ, Cox AG, Ingham E, Peacock S, Foster SJ. MntR modulates expression of the PerR regulon and superoxide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus through control of manganese uptake. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44:1269 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02944.x; PMID: 12028379
  • Sellman BR, Howell AP, Kelly-Boyd C, Baker SM. Identification of immunogenic and serum binding proteins of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6591 - 600; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.10.6591-6600.2005; PMID: 16177335
  • Anderson AS, Scully IL, Timofeyeva Y, Murphy E, McNeil LK, Mininni T, et al. The Staphylococcus aureus transporter MntC is a highly conserved cell surface protein that elicits protective immunity against both S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1688 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis272; PMID: 22474033
  • Nanra JS, Timofeyeva Y, Buitrago SM, Sellman BR, Dilts DA, Fink P, et al. Heterogeneous in vivo expression of clumping factor A and capsular polysaccharide by Staphylococcus aureus: implications for vaccine design. Vaccine 2009; 27:3276 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.062; PMID: 19200819
  • Plotkin SA. Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17:1055 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00131-10; PMID: 20463105
  • Usinger WR, Lucas AH. Avidity as a determinant of the protective efficacy of human antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2366 - 70; PMID: 10225896
  • Richmond P, Nissen M, Marshall H, Shakib S, Hodsman P, Jiang Q, et al. A randomised, placebo controlled Phase 1 first-in-human study of a novel 3-antigen Staphylococcus aureus vaccine in healthy adults. ECCMID. Milan, Italy, 2011.
  • Hawkins J, Kodali S, Matsuka Y, McNeil L, Mininni T, Dodge I, et al. A recombinant Clumping factor A containing vaccine induces a functional response to Staphylococcus aureus that is not observed with natural exposure. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012; In press http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00354-12; PMID: 22896688
  • Laupland KB, Church DL, Mucenski M, Sutherland LR, Davies HD. Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:1452 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/374621; PMID: 12717627
  • Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Poulsen KB, Espersen F, Scheibel J, Skinhøj P, et al. Risk factors for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1437 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.13.1437; PMID: 10399895
  • DeLeo FR, Chambers HF. Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2464 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI38226; PMID: 19729844
  • Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S, et al, Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) MRSA Investigators. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298:1763 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.15.1763; PMID: 17940231
  • Thurlow LR, Joshi GS, Richardson AR. Virulence strategies of the dominant USA300 lineage of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012; 65:5 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00937.x; PMID: 22309135
  • Faden H, Lesse AJ, Trask J, Hill JA, Hess DJ, Dryja D, et al. Importance of colonization site in the current epidemic of staphylococcal skin abscesses. Pediatrics 2010; 125:e618 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1523; PMID: 20156893
  • Miller LG, Kaplan SL. Staphylococcus aureus: a community pathogen. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23:35 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2008.10.002; PMID: 19135915
  • Montgomery CP, Boyle-Vavra S, Adem PV, Lee JC, Husain AN, Clasen J, et al. Comparison of virulence in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pulsotypes USA300 and USA400 in a rat model of pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:561 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/590157; PMID: 18598194
  • Sutter DE, Summers AM, Keys CE, Taylor KL, Frasch CE, Braun LE, et al. Capsular serotype of Staphylococcus aureus in the era of community-acquired MRSA. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2011; 63:16 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00822.x; PMID: 21631600