Chitosan

References

• WHO. Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, IVB Strategic plan 2010-15. Draft 24 March 2010. Obtained from: www.who.int/entity/immunization/.../IVB_SP_2010-15_final_Ver.pdf‎ [Accessed 23 July 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Schijns VEJC. Immunological concepts of vaccine adjuvant activity - commentary. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12:56 - 463; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00120-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorij J-P, Kersten GFA, Saluja V, Tonnis WF, Hinrichs WLJ, Slütter B, Bal SM, Bouwstra JA, Huckriede A, Jiskoot W. Towards tailored vaccine delivery: needs, challenges and perspectives. J Control Release 2012; 161:363 - 76; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.039; PMID: 22245687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASDReports. Stakeholder opinions: vaccine administration technologies–beyond needles. Report code: ASDR‐1755. 2009. Published by Datamonitor Healthcare.
   Google Scholar
• Miller MA, Pisani E. The cost of unsafe injections. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77:808 - 11; PMID: 10593028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbal-Gill I, Watts P, Smith A. Chitosan-based delivery systems for mucosal vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1051 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2012.697455; PMID: 22708875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbal-Gill I. Nasal vaccine innovation. J Drug Target 2010; 18:771 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1061186X.2010.523790; PMID: 21047271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hagan DT. New generation vaccine adjuvants. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (eLS): John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007:[doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0020177].
   Google Scholar
• Gupta RK, Relyveld EH, Lindblad EB, Bizzini B, Ben-Efraim S, Gupta CK. Adjuvants--a balance between toxicity and adjuvanticity. Vaccine 1993; 11:293 - 306; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(93)90190-9; PMID: 8447157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker CL, Gordon L, Klein J. Dose optimization strategies for vaccines: the role of adjuvants and new technologies. Report approved at NVAC Meeting February 2008. Obtained from: www.hhs.gov/nvpo/nvac/doseoptimizationstrategies_200802.doc [Accessed 3 September 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Reed SG, Bertholet S, Coler RN, Friede M. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:23 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2008.09.006; PMID: 19059004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee JH, Lee SE, Kim SY. Mucosal vaccine adjuvants update. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2012; 1:50 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.50; PMID: 23596577
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrovsky N, Heinzel S, Honda Y, Lyons AB. New-age vaccine adjuvants, friend or foe? BioPharm Int 2 2007, Obtained from:http://www.biopharminternational.com/biopharm/Downstream+Processing/New-Age-Vaccine-Adjuvants-Friend-or-Foe/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/444996 [Accessed 3 September 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Fujihashi K, Koga T, van Ginkel FW, Hagiwara Y, McGhee JR. A dilemma for mucosal vaccination: efficacy versus toxicity using enterotoxin-based adjuvants. Vaccine 2002; 20:2431 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00155-X; PMID: 12057597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIAID (U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases). Safety evaluation of toxin adjuvants delivered intranasally 2001, Obtained from: www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/entericdiseases/Documents/intranasal.pdf [Accessed 13 November 2013].
   Google Scholar
• van Ginkel FW, Jackson RJ, Yuki Y, McGhee JR. Cutting edge: the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin redirects vaccine proteins into olfactory tissues. J Immunol 2000; 165:4778 - 82; PMID: 11045998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, Bopp M, Chen RT, Linder T, Spyr C, Steffen R. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell’s palsy in Switzerland. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:896 - 903; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030595; PMID: 14985487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson I, Zambon MC, Rudin A, Colegate A, Podda A, Bugarini R, Del Giudice G, Minutello A, Bonnington S, Holmgren J, et al. Phase I evaluation of intranasal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine with nontoxigenic Escherichia coli enterotoxin and novel biovector as mucosal adjuvants, using adult volunteers. J Virol 2006; 80:4962 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.10.4962-4970.2006; PMID: 16641287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen G, Cox R. The mucosal vaccine quandary: intranasal vs. sublingual immunization against influenza. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:689 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.19568; PMID: 22495121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amidi M, Mastrobattista E, Jiskoot W, Hennink WE. Chitosan-based delivery systems for protein therapeutics and antigens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:59 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.009; PMID: 19925837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illum L. Nasal drug delivery - recent developments and future prospects. J Control Release 2012; 161:254 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.024; PMID: 22300620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dornish M, Hagen A, Hansson E, Pecheur C, Verdier F, Skaugrud Ø. Safety of Protasan™: ultrapure chitosan salts for biomedical and pharmaceutical use. In: Domard A, Roberts GAF, Vårum KM, eds. Advances in Chitin Science, Vol II, Andre Publisher, Lyon, France, 1997: 664-670.
   Google Scholar
• Novamatrix. Safety and toxicology of Protasan™ UP chitosans. Product Information Bulletin, 2002. Obtained from: http://www.novamatrix.biz/Portals/novamatrix/Content/Docs/Technology/PIB-Safety%20and%20Tox%20of%20Protasan%20UP%20chitosan022007.pdf [Accessed: 11 September 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Kitozyme SA. (2011). Chitosan GRAS notice. Obtained from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/GRN000397.pdf [Accessed 11 September 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Primex Ingredients ASA. GRAS claim notification: Primex chitosan, 2001 Obtained from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/grn000073.pdf [Accessed 11 September 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Primex EHF. (2005). Shrimp-derived chitosan – GRAS notification, 2005. Obtained from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/grn000170.pdf [Accessed 11 September 2012].Raafat D, Sahl HG. Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential – a critical literature survey. Microb Biotech 2009, 2:186-201.
   Google Scholar
• Atmar RL, Bernstein DI, Harro CD, Al-Ibrahim MS, Chen WH, Ferreira J, Estes MK, Graham DY, Opekun AR, Richardson C, et al. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk Virus illness. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:2178 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1101245; PMID: 22150036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen KS, Cohen AE, Mermelstein FH, Hamilton DA, McNicol E, Babul N, Carr DB. The analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel intranasal morphine formulation (morphine plus chitosan), immediate release oral morphine, intravenous morphine, and placebo in a postsurgical dental pain model. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:2018 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318187b952; PMID: 19020153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Kamary SS, Pasetti MF, Mendelman PM, Frey SE, Bernstein DI, Treanor JJ, Ferreira J, Chen WH, Sublett R, Richardson C, et al. Adjuvanted intranasal Norwalk virus-like particle vaccine elicits antibodies and antibody-secreting cells that express homing receptors for mucosal and peripheral lymphoid tissues. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:1649 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657087; PMID: 20979455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills KH, Cosgrove C, McNeela EA, Sexton A, Giemza R, Jabbal-Gill I, Church A, Lin W, Illum L, Podda A, et al. Protective levels of diphtheria-neutralizing antibody induced in healthy volunteers by unilateral priming-boosting intranasal immunization associated with restricted ipsilateral mucosal secretory immunoglobulin a. Infect Immun 2003; 71:726 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.2.726-732.2003; PMID: 12540551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read RC, Naylor SC, Potter CW, Bond J, Jabbal-Gill I, Fisher A, Illum L, Jennings R. Effective nasal influenza vaccine delivery using chitosan. Vaccine 2005; 23:4367 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.021; PMID: 15916838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roon KI, Soons PA, Uitendaal MP, de Beukelaar F, Ferrari MD. Pharmacokinetic profile of alniditan nasal spray during and outside migraine attacks. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47:285 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00894.x; PMID: 10215753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoker DG, Reber KR, Waltzman LS, Ernst C, Hamilton D, Gawarecki D, Mermelstein F, McNicol E, Wright C, Carr DB. Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine-chitosan nasal solution in patients with moderate to severe pain following orthopedic surgery. Pain Med 2008; 9:3 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00300.x; PMID: 18254761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brück WM, Slater JW, Carney BF. Chitin and chitosan from marine organisms. In: Kim S.-K, ed. Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives, CRC Press New York, 2011:11-23.
   Google Scholar
• Knezevic-Jugovic Z, Petronijevic Z, Smelcerovic A. Chitin and chitosan from microorganisms. In: Kim S.-K, ed. Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives, CRC Press New York, 2011:25-36.
   Google Scholar
• Nwe N, Furuike T, Tamura H. Chitin and chitosan from terrestrial organisms. In: Kim S.-K, ed. Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives, CRC Press New York, 2011:3-10.
   Google Scholar
• Rinaudo M, Domard A. Solution properties of chitosan. In: Skjak-Bræk G, Anthonsen T, Sandford P eds. Chitin and Chitosan, Sources, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Properties and Applications: Elsevier, 1989:71-86.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts GAF. Chitin Chemistry: The Macmillan Press Ltd, London, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Harding S. Characterisation of chitosan-mucin complexes by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. In: Muzzarelli RAA, Peter MG eds. Chitin Handbook. European Chitin Society, 1997:457-466.
   Google Scholar
• Morris G, Kök S, Harding S, Adams G. Polysaccharide drug delivery systems based on pectin and chitosan. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2010; 27:257 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2010.10648153; PMID: 21415901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arca HC, Günbeyaz M, Senel S. Chitosan-based systems for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:937 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.09.47; PMID: 19538118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldrick P. The safety of chitosan as a pharmaceutical excipient. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:290 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.015; PMID: 19788905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kean T, Thanou M. Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:3 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.09.004; PMID: 19800377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebihara K, Schneeman BO. Interaction of bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride with dietary fibers in the small intestine of rats. J Nutr 1989; 119:1100 - 6; PMID: 2550597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormrod DJ, Holmes CC, Miller TE. Dietary chitosan inhibits hypercholesterolaemia and atherogenesis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1998; 138:329 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00045-8; PMID: 9690916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furda I. Chitin and chitosan – a special class of dietary fiber. In: Spiller GA, ed. CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition, Third Edition, CRC Press, 2001:45–47.
   Google Scholar
• Arai K, Kinumaki T, Fujitta T. Toxicity of chitosan. Bull Tokai Reg Fish Res Lab 1968; 56:89 - 94
   Google Scholar
• Gray HC, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG. Is glucosamine safe in patients with seafood allergy?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:459 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.05.050; PMID: 15341031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villacis J, Rice TR, Bucci LR, El-Dahr JM, Wild L, Demerell D, Soteres D, Lehrer SB. Do shrimp-allergic individuals tolerate shrimp-derived glucosamine?. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:1457 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02590.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waibel KH, Haney B, Moore M, Whisman B, Gomez R. Safety of chitosan bandages in shellfish allergic patients. Mil Med 2011; 176:1153 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00150; PMID: 22128651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman SP, Simpson M, Fisher T, Iqbal K. Quantification of lung deposition and nasal mucociliary clearance for a nasally administered drug formulation containing chitosan. In: Dalby RN, Byron PR, Peart J, Suman JD and Farr SJ eds. Respiratory Drug Delivery IX, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, 2004:617-19.
   Google Scholar
• Aspden TJ, Mason JDT, Jones NS, Lowe J, Skaugrud O, Illum L. Chitosan as a nasal delivery system: the effect of chitosan solutions on in vitro and in vivo mucociliary transport rates in human turbinates and volunteers. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:509 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/js960182o; PMID: 9109057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeela EA, O’Connor D, Jabbal-Gill I, Illum L, Davis SS, Pizza M, Peppoloni S, Rappuoli R, Mills KH. A mucosal vaccine against diphtheria: formulation of cross reacting material (CRM(197)) of diphtheria toxin with chitosan enhances local and systemic antibody and Th2 responses following nasal delivery. Vaccine 2000; 19:1188 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00309-1; PMID: 11137256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization). The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series: Module 2 – diphtheria update 2009. Obtained from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597869_eng.pdf [Accessed 4 July 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Mann AJ, Noulin N, Catchpole A, Stittelaar KJ, de Waal L, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Hinchcliffe M, Smith A, Montomoli E, Piccirella S, et al. Intranasal H5N1 vaccination, adjuvanted with chitosan derivatives, protects ferrets against highly pathogenic avian influenza intranasal and intratracheal challenge. PLoS ONE Forthcoming
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DJ, Noad R, Samuel D, Gray JJ, Roy P, Iturriza-Gómara M. Characterisation of a GII-4 norovirus variant-specific surface-exposed site involved in antibody binding. Virol J 2009; 6:150; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-6-150; PMID: 19781066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindesmith L, Moe C, Marionneau S, Ruvoen N, Jiang X, Lindblad L, Stewart P, LePendu J, Baric R. Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection. Nat Med 2003; 9:548 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm860; PMID: 12692541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson C. Development of vaccines to prevent norovirus acute gastroenteritis. Presented at Phacilitate Vaccine Forum, Barcelona, Spain, June 24, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson C. Product development and clinical plan for a mucosally-delivered Norwalk vaccine. Presented at 4th International Conference on Vaccines for Enteric Diseases (VED), Lisbon, Portugal, April 27, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson C, Tino WT, Foubert T, Sublett R, Steadman BL, Hinchcliffe M, et al. Design and preclinical evaluation of a dry powder intranasal norovirus vaccine. Poster presented at Third International Calicivirus Conference, Cancun, Mexico, November 12, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson-Welder JH, Torres MP, Kipper MJ, Mallapragada SK, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Vaccine adjuvants: current challenges and future approaches. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1278 - 316; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21523; PMID: 18704954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illum L, Jabbal-Gill I, Hinchcliffe M, Fisher AN, Davis SS. Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 51:81 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00171-5; PMID: 11516781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaharoff DA, Rogers CJ, Hance KW, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Chitosan solution enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to subcutaneous vaccination. Vaccine 2007; 25:2085 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.034; PMID: 17258843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan MJ, Zaharoff DA, Fallon JK, Schlom J, Greiner JW. In vivo efficacy of a chitosan/IL-12 adjuvant system for protein-based vaccines. Biomaterials 2011; 32:926 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.058; PMID: 20965561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar