References
- World Health Organization. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Fact sheet N° 110. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/. Accessed: July 2, 2014.
- TamimH, FinanRR, SharidaHE, RashidM, AlmawiWY. Cervicovaginal coinfections with human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis2002; 43:277 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0732-8893(02)00403-0; PMID: 12151187
- TáboraN, ZelayaA, BakkersJ, MelchersWJ, FerreraA. Chlamydia trachomatis and genital human papillomavirus infections in female university students in Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg2005; 73:50 - 3; PMID: 16014831
- Muñoz N, Castellsagué X, de González AB, Gissmann L. Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer. Vaccine 2006; 24(Suppl 3):S3/1–10.
- CastellsaguéX, MuñozN. Chapter 3: Cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis--role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr2003; 31:20 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003477; PMID: 12807941
- WilsonJS, HoneyE, TempletonA, PaavonenJ, MårdhPA, Stray-PedersenB, EU Biomed Concerted Action Group. A systematic review of the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among European women. Hum Reprod Update2002; 8:385 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/8.4.385; PMID: 12206472
- BursteinGR, GaydosCA, Diener-WestM, HowellMR, ZenilmanJM, QuinnTC. Incident Chlamydia trachomatis infections among inner-city adolescent females. JAMA1998; 280:521 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.6.521; PMID: 9707141
- Fernández-BenítezC, Mejuto-LópezP, Otero-GuerraL, Margolles-MartinsMJ, Suárez-LeivaP, VazquezF, Chlamydial Primary Care Group. Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection among young men and women in Spain. BMC Infect Dis2013; 13:388; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-388; PMID: 23968487
- LewisD, NewtonDC, GuyRJ, AliH, ChenMY, FairleyCK, HockingJS. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Australia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis2012; 12:113; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-113; PMID: 22583480
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Chlamydia control in Europe: literature review. Stockholm: ECDC; 2014.
- SalfaMC, LatinoMA, RegineV, De MariaD, De IntinisG, CamoniL, RaimondoM, SuligoiB. Prevalence and determinants of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among sexually active women in Turin, Italy. IJPH2011; 8:295 - 301
- MatteelliA, SulisG, CapelliM, ApostoliA, ToninelliG, Bernoni D’AversaF, GargiuloF, SalinaroF, Castel liF, DonatoF. Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among adolescents in Northern Italy. Sex Transm Infect2013; 89:A154; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0480
- SammarcoML, Del RiccioI, TamburroM, GrassoGM, RipabelliG. Type-specific persistence and associated risk factors of human papillomavirus infections in women living in central Italy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2013; 168:222 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.01.012; PMID: 23395560
- LatinoMA, CaneparoA, RossoC, De MariaD, De IntinisG, IntorciaP, PetrincoM. Prevalence and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young women in north-west of Italy. Minerva Ginecol2008; 60:29 - 37; PMID: 18277350
- ZanettiS, UsaiD, MolicottiP, DeriuA, SechiLA. Presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in young women in Northern Sardinia. New Microbiol2007; 30:63 - 4; PMID: 17319603
- MarconeV, RecineN, GallinelliC, NicosiaR, LichtnerM, DegenerAM, ChiariniF, CalzolariE, VulloV. Epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infection in a previously unscreened population in Rome, Italy, 2000 to 2009. Euro Surveill2012; 17:pii: 20203; PMID: 22748006
- VerteramoR, PierangeliA, ManciniE, CalzolariE, BucciM, OsbornJ, NicosiaR, ChiariniF, AntonelliG, DegenerAM. Human Papillomaviruses and genital co-infections in gynaecological outpatients. BMC Infect Dis2009; 9:16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-16; PMID: 19216747
- BoyleDC, SmithJR. Infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Cancer1999; 9:177 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1999.99007.x; PMID: 11240764
- SilvaJ, CerqueiraF, MedeirosR. Chlamydia trachomatis infection: implications for HPV status and cervical cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet2014; 289:715 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-3122-3; PMID: 24346121
- GolijowCD, AbbaMC, MourónSA, LaguensRM, DuloutFN, SmithJS. Chlamydia trachomatis and Human papillomavirus infections in cervical disease in Argentine women. Gynecol Oncol2005; 96:181 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.09.037; PMID: 15589598
- FinanRR, TamimH, AlmawiWY. Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in human papillomavirus (HPV) positive women with normal and abnormal cytology. Arch Gynecol Obstet2002; 266:168 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-001-0261-8; PMID: 12197559
- LehmannM, GrohA, RödelJ, NindlI, StraubeE. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in cervical samples with regard to infection by human papillomavirus. J Infect1999; 38:12 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-4453(99)90021-X; PMID: 10090499
- SmithJS, MuñozN, HerreroR, Eluf-NetoJ, NgelangelC, FranceschiS, BoschFX, WalboomersJM, PeelingRW. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer in Brazil and the Philippines. J Infect Dis2002; 185:324 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338569; PMID: 11807714
- SmithJS, BosettiC, MuñozN, HerreroR, BoschFX, Eluf-NetoJ, MeijerCJ, Van Den BruleAJ, FranceschiS, PeelingRW, IARC multicentric case-control study. Chlamydia trachomatis and invasive cervical cancer: a pooled analysis of the IARC multicentric case-control study. Int J Cancer2004; 111:431 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20257; PMID: 15221973
- VerhoevenV, BaayM, WeylerJ, AvontsD, LardonF, Van RoyenP, VermorkenJB. Concomitant Chlamydia trachomatis and human papilloma virus infection cannot be attributed solely to sexual behaviour. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2004; 23:735 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-004-1194-5; PMID: 15322933
- PanattoD, AmiciziaD, TanziE, BianchiS, FratiER, ZottiCM, LaiPL, BechiniA, RossiS, GaspariniR. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in young Italian women with normal cytology: how should we adapt the national vaccination policy?. BMC Infect Dis2013; 13:575; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-575; PMID: 24313984
- van den BroekIV, van BergenJE, BrouwersEE, FennemaJS, GötzHM, HoebeCJ, KoekenbierRH, KretzschmarM, OverEA, SchmidBV, et al. Effectiveness of yearly, register based screening for chlamydia in the Netherlands: controlled trial with randomised stepped wedge implementation. BMJ2012; 345:e4316; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4316; PMID: 22767614
- AndersenB, OlesenF, MøllerJK, ØstergaardL. Population-based strategies for outreach screening of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections: a randomized, controlled trial. J Infect Dis2002; 185:252 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338268; PMID: 11807700
- KlavsI, RodriguesLC, WellingsK, KeseD, HayesR. Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the general population of Slovenia: serious gaps in control. Sex Transm Infect2004; 80:121 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2003.005900; PMID: 15054174
- GouletV, de BarbeyracB, RaherisonS, PrudhommeM, SemailleC, WarszawskiJ, CSF group. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis: results from the first national population-based survey in France. Sex Transm Infect2010; 86:263 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.038752; PMID: 20660590
- OliveiraFA, PflegerV, LangK, HeukelbachJ, MirallesI, FragaF, SousaAQ, Stoffler-MeilickeM, IgnatiusR, KerrLF, et al. Sexually transmitted infections, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis in women of reproductive age in rural Northeast Brazil: a population-based study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2007; 102:751 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762007000600015; PMID: 17924006
- BeydounHA, DailJ, TamimH, UgwuB, BeydounMA. Gender and age disparities in the prevalence of Chlamydia infection among sexually active adults in the United States. J Womens Health (Larchmt)2010; 19:2183 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.1975; PMID: 20950136
- MagderLS, HarrisonHR, EhretJM, AndersonTS, JudsonFN. Factors related to genital Chlamydia trachomatis and its diagnosis by culture in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Am J Epidemiol1988; 128:298 - 308; PMID: 3394697
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Le infezioni sessualmente trasmesse: I dati di due Sistemi di sorveglianza sentinella attivi in Italia. Available at: http://www.iss.it/binary/ccoa/cont/Notiziario_ISS_vol_27_n_4_Aprile_2014.pdf Accessed July 3, 2014.
- AdamsEJ, CharlettA, EdmundsWJ, HughesG. Chlamydia trachomatis in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and analysis of prevalence studies. Sex Transm Infect2004; 80:354 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2003.005454; PMID: 15459402
- GriffithsV, CheungWH, CarlinEM, Ahmed-JushufI. Incidence of concurrent sexually transmitted infections in patients with genital warts. Int J STD AIDS2006; 17:413 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646206777323328; PMID: 16734966
- PanattoD, AmiciziaD, TrucchiC, CasabonaF, LaiPL, BonanniP, BoccaliniS, BechiniA, TiscioneE, ZottiCM, et al. Sexual behaviour and risk factors for the acquisition of human papillomavirus infections in young people in Italy: suggestions for future vaccination policies. BMC Public Health2012; 12:623; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-623; PMID: 22871132
- International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: a review of human carcinogens: part B. Biological agents. 100th edition. Lyon, France: IARC; 2011.
- RoncoG, GhisettiV, SegnanN, SnijdersPJ, Gillio-TosA, MeijerCJ, MerlettiF, FranceschiS. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in Turin, Italy. Eur J Cancer2005; 41:297 - 305; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2004.07.005; PMID: 15661556
- BianchiS, FratiER, PanattoD, MartinelliM, AmiciziaD, ZottiCM, MartineseM, BonanniP, BoccaliniS, CoppolaRC, et al. Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus in urine samples from unvaccinated male and female adolescents in Italy. PLoS One2013; 8:e79719; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079719; PMID: 24255711
- de SanjoséS, DiazM, CastellsaguéX, CliffordG, BruniL, MuñozN, BoschFX. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis2007; 7:453 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5; PMID: 17597569
- SamoffE, KoumansEH, MarkowitzLE, SternbergM, SawyerMK, SwanD, PappJR, BlackCM, UngerER. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with persistence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus in a cohort of female adolescents. Am J Epidemiol2005; 162:668 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi262; PMID: 16120706
- ChenHC, SchiffmanM, LinCY, PanMH, YouSL, ChuangLC, HsiehCY, LiawKL, HsingAW, ChenCJ, CBCSP-HPV Study Group. Persistence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection and increased long-term risk of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst2011; 103:1387 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr283; PMID: 21900119
- WalshC, AndersonLA, IrwinK. The silent epidemic of Chlamydia trachomatis: the urgent need for detection and treatment in women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med2000; 9:339 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/15246090050020637; PMID: 10868604
- HafnerLM, WilsonDP, TimmsP. Development status and future prospects for a vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Vaccine2014; 32:1563 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.020; PMID: 23973245
- HowieSE, HornerPJ, HorneAW, EntricanG. Immunity and vaccines against sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis2011; 24:56 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283421081; PMID: 21124214
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Introduction of HPV vaccines in EU countries – an update. Stockholm: ECDC; 2012.
- La sorveglianza Passi (The Italian behavioral risk factor surveillance system). Rapporto nazionale Passi 2011: screening cervicale. Available at: http://www.epicentro.iss.it/passi/rapporto2011/ScreeningCervicale.asp Accessed July 3, 2014.
- PuranenM, SaarikoskiS, SyrjänenK, SyrjänenS. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of human papillomavirus DNA from archival, Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears. Acta Cytol1996; 40:391 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000333842; PMID: 8669167
- TanziE, BianchiS, FasoloMM, FratiER, MazzaF, MartinelliM, ColzaniD, BerettaR, ZappaA, OrlandoG. High performance of a new PCR-based urine assay for HPV-DNA detection and genotyping. J Med Virol2013; 85:91 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23434; PMID: 23097252
- OrlandoG, TanziE, ChatenoudL, GramegnaM, RizzardiniG, VALHIDATE Study Group. Rationale and design of a multicenter prospective cohort study for the eVALuation and monitoring of HPV infections and relATEd cervical diseases in high-risk women (VALHIDATE study). BMC Cancer2012; 12:204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-204; PMID: 22646512
- BernardHU, ChanSY, ManosMM, OngCK, VillaLL, DeliusH, PeytonCL, BauerHM, WheelerCM. Identification and assessment of known and novel human papillomaviruses by polymerase chain reaction amplification, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, nucleotide sequence, and phylogenetic algorithms. J Infect Dis1994; 170:1077 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/170.5.1077; PMID: 7963696
- GarbugliaAR, PiselliP, LapaD, SiasC, Del NonnoF, BaiocchiniA, CimagliaC, AgrestaA, CapobianchiMR. Frequency and multiplicity of human papillomavirus infection in HIV-1 positive women in Italy. J Clin Virol2012; 54:141 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.013; PMID: 22437054
- JalalH, StephenH, Al-SuwaineA, SonnexC, CarneC. The superiority of polymerase chain reaction over an amplified enzyme immunoassay for the detection of genital chlamydial infections. Sex Transm Infect2006; 82:37 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.015362; PMID: 16461600
- Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd edition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
- R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013.