A history of hookworm vaccine development

References

• Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ. Human hookworm infection in the 21st century. Adv Parasitol 2004; 58:197 - 288; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1; PMID: 15603764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RC, Reynoldson JA, Garrow SC, McCarthy JS, Behnke JM. Towards the eradication of hookworm in an isolated Australian community. Lancet 2001; 357:770 - 1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04162-3; PMID: 11253974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethony JM, Cole RN, Guo X, Kamhawi S, Lightowlers MW, Loukas A, et al. Vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:237 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00976.x; PMID: 21198676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Bethony JM, Diemert DJ, Pearson M, Loukas A. Developing vaccines to combat hookworm infection and intestinal schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:814 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2438; PMID: 20948553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Bethony JM, Oliveira SC, Brindley PJ, Loukas A. Multivalent anthelminthic vaccine to prevent hookworm and schistosomiasis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:745 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.7.6.745; PMID: 18665774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keiser J, Utzinger J. Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 299:1937 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.16.1937; PMID: 18430913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves ML, Araujo A, Ferreira LF. Human intestinal parasites in the past: new findings and a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:Suppl 1 103 - 18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762003000900016; PMID: 12687769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dock G, Bass C. Hookworm Disease. St Louis: Mosby Co, 1910.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles CW. A new species of hookworm (Uncinaria americana) parasite in man. American Medicine 1902; 3:777 - 8
   Google Scholar
• Stiles CW. Frequency ofhookworm disease or ground itch anemia among public school children in Southern Florida. Public Health Rep 1910; 25:351 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4564592; PMID: 19314191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farley J. To Cast Out Disease: A History of the International Health Division of Rockefeller Foundation [1913-1951], Oxford University Press 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles CW, Leonard G. Hookworm Diseases: number of treatments and number of doses of thymol adminisered in 61 hospital and 22 home-cured cases of hookworm infection. Public Health Rep 1913; 28:119 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4569192
   Google Scholar
• Stiles CW, Miller H. Observatioins on the viability of the eggs of hookworms (Necator americanus) and of eelworms (Ascaris lumbricoides) in feces allowed to decompose in water. Public Health Rep 1911; 26:1565 - 1600; http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4566877; PMID: 19314272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoll NR. This wormy world. J Parasitol 1947; 33:1 - 18; PMID: 20284977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol 2003; 19:547 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.002; PMID: 14642761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawalinski T, Schad G. Historical Introduction. In: Gilles H, Ball P, eds. Human parasitic dieases volume 4: Hookwrom Infection, 1991:1-4.
   Google Scholar
• Bundy D. Is hookworm just another geohelminth? In: Schad GA, Warren K, eds. Hookworm Diseases–current status and new directions. London: Taylor and Francis, 1990:146-64.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles CW. Is It “Fair to Say That Hookworm Disease Has Almost Disappeared from the United States?”. Science 1933; 77:237 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.77.1992.237; PMID: 17773059
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ministry of Health, PRC, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases. Report on the national survey of the current situation of major human parasitic diseases in China. Beijing: Ministry of Health, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg JP, Ault SK. Neglected diseases of neglected populations: thinking to reshape the determinants of health in Latin America and the Caribbean. BMC Public Health 2005; 5:119; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-119; PMID: 16283932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 2006; 367:1521 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4; PMID: 16679166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton DW. The public health importance of hookworm disease. Parasitology 2000; 121:Suppl S39 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000006454; PMID: 11386690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukas A, Constant SL, Bethony JM. Immunobiology of hookworm infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005; 43:115 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2004.11.006; PMID: 15681140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA. Immunologic correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:63 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200101000-00013; PMID: 11176570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA. Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17:1055 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00131-10; PMID: 20463105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger SM, Caldas IR, Mc Glone BE, Campi-Azevedo AC, De Oliveira LM, Brooker S, et al. Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:347 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00950.x; PMID: 17576364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger SM, Fujiwara RT, Santiago H, Correa-Oliveira R, Bethony JM. Early stage-specific immune responses in primary experimental human hookworm infection. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1524 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2008.09.003; PMID: 18848637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maizels RM, Holland MJ, Falcone FH, Zang XX, Yazdanbakhsh M. Vaccination against helminth parasites–the ultimate challenge for vaccinologists?. Immunol Rev 1999; 171:125 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01345.x; PMID: 10582168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maizels RM, Pearce EJ, Artis D, Yazdanbakhsh M, Wynn TA. Regulation of pathogenesis and immunity in helminth infections. J Exp Med 2009; 206:2059 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20091903; PMID: 19770272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M. T-cell regulation in helminth parasite infections: implications for inflammatory diseases. Chem Immunol Allergy 2008; 94:112 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000154944; PMID: 18802342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M. Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:733 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1183; PMID: 12949497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdanbakhsh M, van den Biggelaar A, Maizels RM. Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:372 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4906(01)01958-5; PMID: 11429321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan P. IgE and protective immunity to helminth infections. Parasite Immunol 1993; 15:1 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00565.x; PMID: 8433850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan P, Blumenthal UJ, Dunn D, Simpson AJ, Wilkins HA. Human IgE, IgG4 and resistance to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium.. Nature 1991; 349:243 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/349243a0; PMID: 1898985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethony J, Loukas A, Smout M, Brooker S, Mendez S, Plieskatt J, et al. Antibodies against a secreted protein from hookworm larvae reduce the intensity of hookworm infection in humans and vaccinated laboratory animals. FASEB J 2005; 19:1743 - 5; PMID: 16037096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erb KJ. Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand?. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1170 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200737314; PMID: 17447233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi-Bee J, Pritchard D, Britton J. Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:514 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200603-331OC; PMID: 16778161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin L, Gilbert PB, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Self SG. A framework for assessing immunological correlates of protection in vaccine trials. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1304 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522428; PMID: 17922394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukas A, Bethony J, Brooker S, Hotez P. Hookworm vaccines: past, present, and future. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6:733 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70630-2; PMID: 17067922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara RT, Geiger SM, Bethony J, Mendez S. Comparative immunology of human and animal models of hookworm infection. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:285 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00821.x; PMID: 16842265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TA. Vaccination against the canine hookworm diseases. Adv Parasitol 1971; 9:153 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60161-X; PMID: 4932829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller TA. Industrial development and field use of the canine hookworm vaccine. Adv Parasitol 1978; 16:333 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60577-1; PMID: 364958
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao S, Zhan B, Xue J, Goud GN, Loukas A, Liu Y, et al. The evaluation of recombinant hookworm antigens as vaccines in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) challenged with human hookworm, Necator americanus.. Exp Parasitol 2008; 118:32 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2007.05.010; PMID: 17645877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TA. Effect of X-irradiation upon the infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum and the immunogenic effect in dogs of a single infection with 40 Kr-Irradiated larvae. J Parasitol 1964; 50:735 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3276194; PMID: 14244804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TA. Effect of age of the dog on immunogenic efficiency of double vaccination with x-irradiated Ancylostoma caninum larvae. Am J Vet Res 1965; 26:1383 - 90; PMID: 5882555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TA. Effect of route of administration of vaccine and challenge on the immunogenic efficiency of double vaccination with irradiated Ancylostoma Caninum Larvae. J Parasitol 1965; 51:200 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3276081; PMID: 14275207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RA, Coulson PS, Mountford AP. Immune responses to the radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine: what can we learn from knock-out mice?. Immunol Lett 1999; 65:117 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00134-5; PMID: 10065637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings FW, Mulligan W, Urquhart GM. Variables in X-ray “inactivation” of Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis larvae. Exp Parasitol 1963; 13:367 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(63)90087-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TA. Transfer of immunity to Ancylostoma caninum infection in pups by serum and lymphoid cells. Immunology 1967; 12:231 - 41; PMID: 6020124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maizels RM, Balic A, Gomez-Escobar N, Nair M, Taylor MD, Allen JE. Helminth parasites–masters of regulation. Immunol Rev 2004; 201:89 - 116; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x; PMID: 15361235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethony JM, Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Knox DP. Vaccines against blood-feeding nematodes of humans and livestock. Parasitology 2006; 133:Suppl S63 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182006001818; PMID: 17274849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diemert DJ, Bethony JM, Hotez PJ. Hookworm vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:282 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/524070; PMID: 18171264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll SM, Grove DI, Heenan PJ. Kinetics of cells in the intestinal mucosa of mice following oral infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum.. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1986; 79:26 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000233937; PMID: 3941009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll SM, Howse DJ, Grove DI. The anticoagulant effects of the hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum: observations on human and dog blood in vitro and infected dogs in vivo. Thromb Haemost 1984; 51:222 - 7; PMID: 6740554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll SM, Karthigasu KT, Grove DI. Serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981; 75:706 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(81)90156-5; PMID: 7036430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll SM, Mayrhofer G, Dawkins HJ, Grove DI. Kinetics of intestinal lamina propria mast cells, globule leucocytes, intraepithelial lymphocytes, goblet cells and eosinophils in murine strongyloidiasis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1984; 74:311 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000233566; PMID: 6735488
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll SM, Pryor J, Kennett DW, Grove DI. Investigation of the haemolytic effects of Ancylostoma ceylanicum: observations on infected dogs in vivo and human and dog blood in vitro. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1984; 15:129 - 34; PMID: 6740375
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll SM, Robertson TA, Papadimitriou JM, Grove DI. Transmission electron microscopical studies of the site of attachment of Ancylostoma ceylanicum to the small bowel mucosa of the dog. J Helminthol 1984; 58:313 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00025189; PMID: 6520374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Le Trang N, Cerami A. Hookworm antigens: the potential for vaccination. Parasitol Today 1987; 3:247 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(87)90148-7; PMID: 15462967
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Trang NL, McKerrow JH, Cerami A. Isolation and characterization of a proteolytic enzyme from the adult hookworm Ancylostoma caninum.. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:7343 - 8; PMID: 3888998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asojo OA, Homma K, Sedlacek M, Ngamelue M, Goud GN, Zhan B, et al. X-ray structures of Na-GST-1 and Na-GST-2 two glutathione S-transferase from the human hookworm Necator americanus.. BMC Struct Biol 2007; 7:42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6807-7-42; PMID: 17594497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawdon JM, Jones BF, Hoffman DR, Hotez PJ. Cloning and characterization of Ancylostoma-secreted protein. A novel protein associated with the transition to parasitism by infective hookworm larvae. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:6672 - 8; PMID: 8636085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawdon JM, Narasimhan S, Hotez PJ. Ancylostoma secreted protein 2: cloning and characterization of a second member of a family of nematode secreted proteins from Ancylostoma caninum.. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1999; 99:149 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-6851(99)00011-0; PMID: 10340481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson J, Mitreva M, Whitton C, Thomson M, Daub J, Martin J, et al. A transcriptomic analysis of the phylum Nematoda. Nat Genet 2004; 36:1259 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1472; PMID: 15543149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethony JM, Simon G, Diemert DJ, Parenti D, Desrosiers A, Schuck S, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of the Na-ASP-2 hookworm vaccine in unexposed adults. Vaccine 2008; 26:2408 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.049; PMID: 18396361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diemert DJ, Pinto AG, Freire J, Jariwala A, Hamilton R, Periago MV, et al. Generalized Urticaria Induced by the Na-ASP-2 hookworm vaccine – implications for the development of vaccines against helminths. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; submitted
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohlke K, Davis RL, Marcy SM, Braun MM, DeStefano F, Black SB, et al. Risk of anaphylaxis after vaccination of children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2003; 112:815 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.4.815; PMID: 14523172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madaan A, Maddox DE. Vaccine allergy: diagnosis and management. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003; 23:555 - 88; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8561(03)00099-7; PMID: 14753381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman R, Wasserman SS, Kublin JG, Bodison SA, Nardin EH, Oliveira GA, et al. Immediate-type hypersensitivity and other clinical reactions in volunteers immunized with a synthetic multi-antigen peptide vaccine (PfCS-MAP1NYU) against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Vaccine 2002; 21:269 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00468-1; PMID: 12450702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman MD, Pomes A, Breiteneder H, Ferreira F. Nomenclature and structural biology of allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:414 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.001; PMID: 17166572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traidl-Hoffmann C, Jakob T, Behrendt H. Determinants of allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:558 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.003; PMID: 19152966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzsimmons CM, Dunne DW. Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:447 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.004; PMID: 19744885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goud GN, Bottazzi ME, Zhan B, Mendez S, Deumic V, Plieskatt J, et al. Expression of the Necator americanus hookworm larval antigen Na-ASP-2 in Pichia pastoris and purification of the recombinant protein for use in human clinical trials. Vaccine 2005; 23:4754 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.040; PMID: 16054275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson AL, Lecchi P, Turk BE, Choe Y, Hotez PJ, McKerrow JH, et al. A multi-enzyme cascade of hemoglobin proteolysis in the intestine of blood-feeding hookworms. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35950 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M405842200; PMID: 15199048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjit N, Zhan B, Hamilton B, Stenzel D, Lowther J, Pearson M, et al. Proteolytic degradation of hemoglobin in the intestine of the human hookworm Necator americanus.. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:904 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597048; PMID: 19434933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukas A, Bethony JM, Mendez S, Fujiwara RT, Goud GN, Ranjit N, et al. Vaccination with recombinant aspartic hemoglobinase reduces parasite load and blood loss after hookworm infection in dogs. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e295; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020295; PMID: 16231975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson MS, Bethony JM, Pickering DA, de Oliveira LM, Jariwala A, Santiago H, et al. An enzymatically inactivated hemoglobinase from Necator americanus induces neutralizing antibodies against multiple hookworm species and protects dogs against heterologous hookworm infection. FASEB J 2009; 23:3007 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-131433; PMID: 19380510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perally S, Lacourse EJ, Campbell AM, Brophy PM. Heme transport and detoxification in nematodes: subproteomics evidence of differential role of glutathione transferases. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4557 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr800395x; PMID: 18720983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan B, Liu S, Perally S, Xue J, Fujiwara R, Brophy P, et al. Biochemical characterization and vaccine potential of a heme-binding glutathione transferase from the adult hookworm Ancylostoma caninum.. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6903 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.10.6903-6911.2005; PMID: 16177370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan B, Perally S, Brophy PM, Xue J, Goud G, Liu S, et al. Molecular cloning, biochemical characterization, and partial protective immunity of the heme-binding glutathione S-transferases from the human hookworm Necator americanus. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1552 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00848-09; PMID: 20145100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson MS, Pickering DA, Tribolet L, Cooper L, Mulvenna J, Oliveira LM, et al. Neutralizing antibodies to the hookworm hemoglobinase Na-APR-1: implications for a multivalent vaccine against hookworm infection and schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:1561 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651953; PMID: 20367477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coler RN, Bertholet S, Moutaftsi M, Guderian JA, Windish HP, Baldwin SL, et al. Development and characterization of synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant system as a vaccine adjuvant. PLoS ONE 2011; 6:e16333; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016333; PMID: 21298114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coler RN, Baldwin SL, Shaverdian N, Bertholet S, Reed SJ, Raman VS, et al. A synthetic adjuvant to enhance and expand immune responses to influenza vaccines. PLoS ONE 2010; 5:e13677; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013677; PMID: 21060869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coler RN, Carter D, Friede M, Reed SG. Adjuvants for malaria vaccines. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:520 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01142.x; PMID: 19691556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed SG, Bertholet S, Coler RN, Friede M. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:23 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2008.09.006; PMID: 19059004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethony J, Chen J, Lin S, Xiao S, Zhan B, Li S, et al. Emerging patterns of hookworm infection: influence of aging on the intensity of Necator infection in Hainan Province, People's Republic of China. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:1336 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/344268; PMID: 12439796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi NS, Jizhang C, Khoshnood K, Fuying X, Shanwen L, Yaoruo L, et al. Epidemiology of Necator americanus hookworm infections in Xiulongkan Village, Hainan Province, China: high prevalence and intensity among middle-aged and elderly residents. J Parasitol 2001; 87:739 - 43; PMID: 11534635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinnell RJ, Pullan RL, Breitling LP, Geiger SM, Cundill B, Correa-Oliveira R, et al. Genetic and household determinants of predisposition to human hookworm infection in a Brazilian community. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:954 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655813; PMID: 20681887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar