809
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review: Extracorporeal organ support

The evolution of patient selection criteria and indications for extracorporeal life support in pediatric cardiopulmonary failure

Next time, let’s not eat the bones

Pages 13-22 | Published online: 01 Jan 2011

References

  • James B. This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones 1989; New York, NY Villard Books
  • Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). 2009; 1 Ann Arbor, Michigan
  • Gibbon JH Jr. Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery. Minn Med 1954; 37:171 - 185
  • Lillehei CW. History of the development of extracorporeal circulation 1993; 1st Edition Boston Blackwell Scientific Publications
  • Dennis C. A heart lung machine for open heart operation: How it came about. ASAIO Trans 1989; 35:767 - 777
  • Goor DA. The genius of C Walton Lillehei and the true history of open heart surgery 2007; New York, NY Vantage Press
  • Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support for cardiopulmonary failure. Curr Probl Surg 1990; 27:621 - 705
  • McClean J. The Thromboplastic action of cephalin. Am J Physiol 1916; 41:250
  • Bartlett RH, Isherwood J, Moss RA, Olszewski WL, Polet H, Drinker PA. A toroidal flow membrane oxygenator: Four days partial bypass in dogs. Surg Forum 1969; 20:152 - 153
  • Bartlett RH, Kittredge D, Noyes BS Jr. Development of a membrane oxygenator: Overcoming blood diffusion limitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1969; 58:795
  • Kolobow T, Zapol WM, Sigman RL, Pierce J. Partial cardiopulomary bypass lasting up to seven days in alert lambs with membrane lung blood oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970; 60:781 - 788
  • Bartlett RH, Drinker P. Personal communication 2009; 5
  • Kammermeyer K. Silicone Rubber as a selective barrier. Ind Eng Chem 1957; 49:1685
  • Kolff WJ, Effler DB, Groves LK, Peereboom G, Moracca PP. Disposable membrane oxygenator (heart-lung machine) and its use in experimental surgery. Cleve Clin Q 1956; 23:69 - 97
  • Kolobow T, Spragg RG, Pierce JE, Zapol WM. Extended term (to 16 days) partial extracorporeal blood gas exchange with the spiral membrane lung in unanesthetized lambs. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1971; 17:350 - 354
  • Rashkind WJ, Freeman A, Klein D, Toft RW. Evaluation of a disposable plastic low volume, pumpless oxygenator as a lung substitute. J Pediatr 1965; 66:94 - 102
  • Zahraa JN, Moler FW, Annich GM, Maxvold NJ, Bartlett RH, Custer JR. Venovenous versus venoarterial extracorporeal life support for pediatric respiratory failure: Are there differences in survival an acute complications?. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:521 - 525
  • Plotz F. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and clotting revisited. J Pediatr 1997; 130:847 - 848
  • Cornell T, Wyrick P, Fleming G, Pasko D, Han Y, Custer JR, et al. The use of Argatroban for anticoagulation in patients on extracorporeal circuits. ASAIO J 2007; 4:460 - 463
  • Sell LL, Cullen ML, Grant J, Whittlesey GC. Hemorrhagic complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Prevention and treatment. J Pediatr Surg 1986; 21:1087 - 1091
  • Downard CD, Betit P, Chang RW. Impact of AMICAR on hemorrhagic complications of ECMO; a ten year review. Pediatr Surg 2003; 38:1212 - 1216
  • Verrijckt A, Proulx F, Morneau S, Vobecky S. Activated recombinant factor VII for refractory bleeding during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 127:1812 - 1813
  • Hall RI, Smith MS, Rocker G. The systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary by pass: pathophysiological, therapeutic and pharmacological considerations. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:766 - 782
  • Wendel HP, Zeimer G. Coating-techniques to improve the himocompatibility of artificial devices used for extracorporeal circulation. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg 1999; 16:342 - 350
  • Annich GM, Meinhardt JP, Mowery KA, Ashton BA, Merz SI, Hirschl RB, et al. Reduced platelet activation and thrombosis in extracorporeal circuits coated with nitric oxide release polymers. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:915 - 920
  • Skrzypchak AM, Lafayette NG, Bartlett RH, Zhengrong Z, Frost MC, Meyerhoff ME, et al. Effect of varying nitric oxide release to prevent platelet consumption and preserve platelet function in an in vivo model of extracorporeal circulation. Perfusion 2007; 22:193 - 200
  • Yamagishi T, Kumimoto F, Isa Y. Clinical results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for acute respiratory failure: A comparison of a cetrifugal pumpECMO with a roller pump. Surg Today 2004; 34:209 - 213
  • Kawahito S, Motomura T, Glueck J, Nose Y. Development of a new hollow fiber oxygenator silicone membrane oxygenator for ECMO: Recent progress. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 8:268 - 274
  • Fleming GM, Gurney JG, Donohue JE, Remenapp RT, Annich GM. Mechanical component failures in 28,171 neonatal and pediataric extracorporeal oxygenation courses from 1987 to 2006. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10:439 - 444
  • Conrad SA, Dalton HJ. Nichols DG. Extracorporeal Life Support in Rogers Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care 2008; 4th Ed Philadelphia, PA Lippincottt Williams and Wilkens
  • Dalton HJ. Fuhrman BJ, Zimmerman JJ. Extracorporeal Life Support in Pediatric Critical Care 2006; 3rd Ed Philadelphia, PA Mosby/Elsevier
  • Van Meurs K, Lally KP, Peek G, Zwischenberger JB. ECMO Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Support in Critical Care 2005; 3rd Ed Ann Arbor MI Extracorporeal Life Support Organization
  • Dorson W Jr, Meyer B, Baker E, Cohen M, Elgas R, Molthan M, Trump D. Response of distressed infants to partial bypass lung assist. ASAIO Trans 1970; 16:345
  • White JJ, Andrews HG, Risemberg H, Mazur D, Haller JA Jr. Prolonged respiratory support in newborn infants with a membrane oxygenator. Surgery 1971; 70:288 - 296
  • Baffes TG, Fridman JL, Bicoff JP, Whitehill JL. Extracorporeal circulation for support of palliative cardiac surgery in infants. Ann Thorac Surg 1970; 10:354 - 363
  • Zapol WM, Qvist J. Artificial lungs for acute respiratory failure 1976; New York, NY Academic Press
  • Bartlett RH. Esperanza. Presidential address. Trans Am Soc Artif Internal Organs 1985; 31:723 - 726
  • Hill JD, O'Brien TG, Murray JJ, Dontigny L, Bramson ML, Osborn JJ, Gerbode F. Extracorporeal oxygenation for acute post-traumatic respiratory failure (shock-lung syndrome); Use of the Bramson Membrane Lung. N Engl J Med 1972; 286:629 - 634
  • Geelhoed GW, Corso P, Joseph WL. The role of membrane lung support in transient aute respiratory insufficiency of Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surgery 1974; 68:802 - 809
  • Hicks RE, Kenney TR, Raphaely RC. Successful treatment of varicella pneumonia with prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a child with leukemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surgery 1975; 69:947 - 953
  • Hanson EL, Drinker PA, Don HF, Van Devanter SH, Bonnet-Eymard J, Morre FD. Venoarterial bypass with a membrane oxygenator: Successful respiratory support in a woman following pulmonary hemorrhage secondary to renal failure. Surgery 1974; 68:802 - 809
  • Cooper JD, Teasdale S, Nelems JM, Glynn MF, MacGregor DC, Duffin J, Scott AA. Cariorespiratory failure secondary to peripheral pulmonary emboli survival following a combination of prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support and pulmonary embolectomy. J Thorac Cariovasc Surg 1976; 71:872 - 877
  • Bartlett RH, Andrews AF, Toomasian JM, Haiduc NJ, Gazzaniaga AB. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for newborn respiratory failure: 45 cases. Surgery 1982; 92:425 - 433
  • Zapol WM, Qvist J. Artificial lungs for acute respiratory failure 1976; New York, NY Academic Press
  • Blake LH. Zapol WM, Qvist J. Goals and progress of the NHLI Collaborative ECMO Study. Artificial lungs for Acute Respiratory Failure 1976; New York, NY Academic Press
  • Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, Fallat RJ, Bartlett RH, Edmunds LH, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe respiratory failure. JAMA 1979; 242:2193 - 2198
  • Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Holtman Reuss D, Hudson LD, Caarico CJ. Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Surg 1982; 144:124 - 130
  • Bartlett RH, Morris AH, Fairley HB, Hirsch R, O'Connor N, Pontoppidan H. A prospective study of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest 1986; 5:684 - 689
  • Pratt PC, Vollmer RT, Shelburn JD, Crapo JD. Pulmonary morphology in a multihospital collaborative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation project. Am J Pathol 1979; 95:191 - 214
  • Gatinnoni L, Kolobow T, Tomlinson T, Iapacino G, Samaja M, White M, Pierce J. Low-frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (LFPPV-ECCO2R). Anesth Analg 1978; 57:470 - 477
  • Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Mascheroni D. Low frequency positive pressure ventilation with extra corporeal carbon dioxide removal in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA 1986; 256:881 - 885
  • Gille JP. Neonatal and Adult Respiratory Failure: mechanism and treatment 1989; Paris Elsevier
  • Bartlett RH, Roloff DW, Cornell RG, Andrews AF, Dillion PW, Zwischenberger JB. Exracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure: A prospective randomized controlled study. Pediatrics 1985; 4:479 - 487
  • Cornell RG, Landenberger BD, Bartlett RH. Randomized play-the-winner clinical trials. Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods 1986; 1:159 - 178
  • Wei IJ, Durham S. The randomized play the winner rule in medical trials. J Am Stat Assoc 1978; 73:840 - 843
  • Ware JH, Epstein MF. Extracorporeal circulation in respiratory failure (commentary). Pediatrics 1985; 76:849 - 851
  • O'Rourke PP, Krone R, Vacanti J, Ware JH, Lillehie CW, Parad RB, Epstein MF. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy: A prospective randomized study. Pediatrics 1989; 84:957 - 963
  • UK Collaborative Randomised Trial of Neonatal Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation UK Collaborative ECMO Trial Group. Lancet 1996; 348:75 - 82
  • Wright LL. Report of the Workshop on Diffusion of ECMO Technology 1993; NIH Publication No. 93-3399
  • Bartlett RH. Personal communication 1996;
  • Northway WH Jr, Rosan RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease: bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med 1967; 276:357 - 368
  • Phillips AGS. Oxygen plus pressure plus time: The etiology of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1975; 55:44 - 50
  • Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967; 2:319 - 323
  • Petty TL, Ashbaugh DG. The adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical features, factors influencing prognosis and principles of management. Chest 1971; 60:233 - 239
  • Murray JF, Matthay MA, Luce JM, Flick MR. An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:720 - 723
  • Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:818 - 824
  • Bohn D. Van Meurs K. Acute hypoxic respiratory failure in children. ECMO extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support in critical care 2005; 3rd Ed Ann Arbor, MI Extracorporeal Life Support Organization
  • Rivera RA, Butt W, Shann F. Predictors of mortality in children with respiratory failure: Possible indications for ECMO. Anaesth Intensive Care 1990; 18:385 - 389
  • Tamburro RF, Bugnitz MC, Stidham GL. Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient as a predictor of outcome in patients with non-neonatal respiratory failure. J Pediatrics 1991; 119:935 - 938
  • Timmons OD, Dean JM, Vernon DD. Mortality rates and prognostic variables in children with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 1991; 119:896 - 899
  • Fackler JC, Bohn D, Green TP. ECMO for ARDS; stopping a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:504
  • Moler FW, Custer JR, Bartlett RH, Palmisano JM, Meliones JN, Delius RE, et al. Extracorporeal life support for pediatric respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1112 - 1118
  • Moler FW, Palmisano JM, Green TP, Custer JR. Predictors of outcome for severe respiratory syncytial virus-associated respiratory failure treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 1993; 123:46 - 52
  • Timmons OD, Havens PL, Fackler JC. Predicting death in pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure. Pediatric Critical Care Study Group. Chest 1995; 108:789 - 797
  • Moler FW, Palmisano JM, Custer JR. Extracorporeal life support for pediatric respiratory failure: Predictors of survival from 220 patients. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1604 - 1611
  • Green TC, Timmons OD, Fackler JC, Moler FW, Thompson AE, Sweeney MF. The impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on survival in pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:323 - 329
  • Peters MJ, Tasker RC, Kiff KM, Yates R, Hatch DJ. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children: case mix and utility of respiratory severity indices. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24:699 - 705
  • Flori HR, Glidden DV, Rutherford GW, Matthay MA. Pediatric acute lung injury: Prospective evaluation of risk factors associated with mortality. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2005; 171:995 - 1001
  • Trachsel D, McCrindle BW, Nakagawa S, Bohn D. Oxygenation index predicts outcome in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:206 - 211
  • Meyer RJ, Moler FW, Maxvold NJ, Annich GA, Odetola FO, Sadowski R, Custer JR. Pediatric extracorporeal life support following high-frequency ventilation: Predictors of survival. ASAIO J 2002; 48:472 - 475
  • Phua J, Badia JR, Adhikari NK, Friedrich JO, Fowler RA, Singh JM, et al. Has mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome decreased over time?. Amer J Resp Crit Care Med 2009; 179:220 - 227
  • Custer JR. Making a difference to that one, on (documented) patient at a time. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1503 - 1504
  • Fortenberry J, Meier AH, Pettignano R, Heard M, Chambliss CR, Wulkan M. Extracorporeal life support for post traumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome at a children's medical center. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38:1221 - 1226
  • Nelems JM, Duffin J, Glynn FX, Brebner J, Scott AA, Cooper JD. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support of human lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76:28 - 32
  • Langnas AN, Donovan JP, Sorell MF, Zetterman RK, Antonson DL, Stratta RJ, et al. Liver transplantation at the Universiy of Nebraska Medical Center from 1985 to 1992. Clin Transpl 1992; 167 - 177
  • Leahey AM, Bunin NJ, Schears GJ, Smith CA, Flake AW, Sullivan KE. Successful use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during BMT for SCID. None Marrow Transplant 1998; 21:839 - 840
  • Sheridan RL, Schnitzer JJ. Management of the high risk pediatric burn patient. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36:1308 - 1312
  • Siden HB, Sanders GM, Moler FW. A report of four cases of acute, severe pulmonary hemorrhage in infancy and support with extracorporeal membreane oxygenation. Pediatr Pulmol 1994; 18:337 - 341
  • Kolovos NS, Schuerer DJE, Moler FW, Bratton SL, Swaniker F, Bartlett RH, et al. Extracorporeal life support for pulmonary hemorrhage in children: A case series. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:577 - 580
  • Gupta M, Shanley TP, Moler F. Extracorporeal life support for severe respiratory failure in children with immune compromised conditions. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9:380 - 385
  • Gow K, Heiss K, Katzenstein H, Wulkan M, Rosenberg E, Heard M, et al. Extracorporeal life support for support of children with malignancy and respiratory or cardiac failure: The extracorporeal life support experience. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1308 - 1316
  • Beca J, Butt W. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory septic shock in children. Pediatrics 1994; 93:726 - 729
  • Hill JD, Iatridis E. Taylor KM. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary bypass 1986; London Chapman and Hall
  • Brierley J, Carcillo JA, Choong K, Cornell T, Decaen A, Deymann A, et al. Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock: 2007 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:666 - 688
  • MacLaren G, Butt W, Best D, Donath S, Taylor A. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory septic shock in children: One institution's experience. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8:447 - 451
  • Luyt DK, Pridgeon J, Brown J, Peek G, Firmin R, Pandya HC. Extracorporeal life support for children with meningococcal septicaemia. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93:1608 - 1611
  • Creel AM, Durham SH, Benner KW, Alten JA, Winkler MK. Severe invasive community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in previously healthy children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10:323 - 327
  • Creech CB, Johnson BG, Bartilson RE, Yang E, Barr FE. Increasing use of extracorporeal life support in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8:231 - 235
  • Nanachivayam P, Simizu K, Butt W. Pertussis: Severe clinical presentation in pediatric intensive care and its relation to outcome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8:207 - 211
  • Halasa NB, Barr FE, Johnson JE, Edwards KM. Fatal pulmonary hypertension associated with pertussis in infants: Does extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have a role. Pediatrics 2003; 112:1274 - 1278
  • Pooboni S, Roberts J, Westrope C, Jenkins DR, Killer H, Pandya HC, Firmin RK. Extracorporeal life support in pertussis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 36:310 - 315
  • Soeter JR, Mamiya RT, Sprague AY. Prolonged extracorporeal support for cardiorespiratory failure after tetrology correction. J Thorac Caradiovasc Surg 1973; 66:214 - 218
  • Bartlett RH, Gazzaniga AB, Fong SW, Jefferies MR, Roohk HV, Haiduc N. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for cardiopulmonary failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73:375 - 386
  • Kanter KR, Pennington DG, Weber TR, Zambie MA, Braun P, Martychenko V. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postoperative cardiac support in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 93:27 - 35
  • Klein MD, Shaheen KW, Whittlesey GC, Pinsky WW, Arciniegas E. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the circulatory support of children after repair of congenital heart disease 1990. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100:498 - 505
  • Anderson JL, Attorri RJ, Custer JR, Chapman RA, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric cardiopulmonary failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99:1011 - 1021
  • Dalton HJ, Siewers RD, Fuhrman BP, Del Nido P, Thompson AE, Shaver MG, Dowhy M. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac rescue in children with severe myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1020 - 1028
  • Meliones JN, Custer JR, Snedecor S, Moler FW, O'Rourke PP, Delius RE. Extracorporeal life support for cardiac assist in pediatric patients, a review of the ELSO registry data. Circulation 1991; 84:168 - 172
  • Kulik TJ, Moler FW, Palmisano JM, Custer JR, Mosca RS, Bove EL, Bartlett RH. Outcome-associated factors in pediatric patients treated with extreacorporeal membrane oxygenatior after cardiac surgery. Circulation 1996; 94:63 - 68
  • Kolovos NS, Bratton SL, Moler FW, Bove EL, Ohye RG, et al. Outcome of pediatric patients treated with extracorporeal life support after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76:1435 - 1442
  • Meyer RJ, Brophy PD, Bunchman TE, Annich GA, Maxvold NJ, Mottes TA, Custer JR. Survival and renal function in pediatric patients following extracorporeal life support with hemofiltration. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001; 2:238 - 242
  • Aharon AS, Drinkwater DC Jr, Churchwell KB, Quisling SV, Reddy VS, Taylor M, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children after repair of congenital cardiac lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72:2095 - 2101
  • Chaturvedi RR, Macrae D, Brown KL, Schindler M, Smith EC, Davis KB, et al. Cardiac ECMO for biventricular hearts after paediatric open heart surgery. Heart 2004; 90:545 - 551
  • Durward A, Tibby SM, Skellet S, Austin C, Anderson D, Murdoch IA. The strong ion gap predicts mortality in children following cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:281 - 285
  • Charpie JR, Dekeon MK, Goldberg CS, Mosca RS, Bove EL, Kulik TJ. Serial blood lactate measurements predict early outcome after neonatal repair or palliation for complex congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardio Vasc Surg 2000; 120:73 - 80
  • Dent CL, Schwartz SM. Wheeler DS, Wong HR, Shanley TP. Postoperative care of the Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patient. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: basic science and clinical evidence 2007; London Springer Verlag
  • Gajarski RJ, Mosca RS, Ohye RG, Bove EL, Crowley DC. Use of ECLS as bridge to pediatric cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22:28 - 34
  • Del Nido PJ, Armitage JM, Fricker FJ, Shaver M, Cipriani L, Dayal G, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support as a bridge to pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation 1994; 90:66 - 69
  • Frazier EA, Faulkner SC, Seib PM, Harrell JE, Van Devanter SH, Fasules JW. Prolonged extracorporeal life support for bridging to transplant. Perfusion 1997; 12:93 - 98
  • Blume ED, Naftel DC, Bastardi HJ, Duncan BW, Kirklin JK, Webber SA. Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Investigators. Outcomes of children bridged to heart transplantation with ventricular assist devices. Circulation 2006; 113:2313 - 2319
  • Davies RR, Russo MJ, Hong KN, O'Byrne ML, Cork DP, Moskowitz AJ, et al. The use of mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplantation in pediatric patients: An analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing tabase. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135:421 - 427
  • Ibrahim AE, Duncan BW, Blume ED, Jonas RA. Long-term follow-up of pediatric cardiac patients requiring mechanical circulatory support. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69:186 - 192
  • Dalton HJ, Duncan BW. Wheeler DS, Wong HR, Shanley TP. Mechanical Support of the Cardiovascular System. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: basic science and clinical evidence 2007; London Springer Verlag
  • Chen YS, Chao A, Yu HY, Ko WJ, Wu IH, Chen RJ, et al. Analysis and results of prolonged resuscitation in cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am College of Cardiol 2003; 41:197 - 203
  • Thourani VH, Kirschbom PM, Kanter KR, Simsic J, Kogon BE, Wagoner S, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) in pediatric cardiac support. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:138 - 144
  • Morris MC, Wernovsky G, Nadkarni VM. Survival outcomes after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation instituted during active chest compressions following refractory in hospital pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:440 - 446
  • Thiagarajan RR, Laussen PC, Rycus PT, Bartlett RH, Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrance oxygenation to aid cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children. Circulation 2007; 116:1693 - 1700
  • Mahle WT, Forbes JM, Kirschbom PM, Cuadrao AR, Simsic JM, Kanter KR. Cost-utility analysis of salvage cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children. J Thorac Cardovasc Surgery 2005; 129:1084 - 1090
  • Barrett CS, Bratton SL, Salvin JW, Laussen PC, Rycus PT, Thiagarajan RR. Neurologic injury after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use to aid pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10:445 - 451
  • Cooley E, Gravel M, Bartlett RH. The use of DCD-ECS for organ donation 19th Annual ELSO Conference September 2008
  • Boucek MM, Mashburn C, Dunn SM, Frizell R, Edwards L, Pietra B, et al. Denver children's pediatric heart transplant team. Pediatric heart transplantaion after declaration of cardiocirculatory death. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:709 - 714
  • Truog RD, Miller FG. The dead donor rule and organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:674 - 675
  • Veatch RM. Donating hearts after cardiac death-reversing the irreversible. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:672 - 673
  • Bernat JL. The boundaries of organ donation after circulatory death. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:669 - 671
  • Young JD, Dorrington KL, Blake GJ, Ryder WA. Femoral arteriovenous extracorporeal carbon dioxide elimination using low blood flow. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:805 - 809
  • Conrad SA, Bagley A, Bagley B, Schaap RN. Major findings form the clinical trial of the intravascular oxygenator. Artif Organs 1994; 18:846 - 863
  • Hattler BG, Lund LW, Golob J. A respiratory gas exchange catheter: In vitro and in vivo tests I large animals. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124:520 - 530
  • Lynch JE, Black TD, DeBerry BB, Alpard SK, Zwischenberger J. Carbon Dioxide Removal Devices; Intracorporeal membrane oxygenation and artificial lungs. ELSO textbook 3rd edition
  • Zwischenberger JB, Alpard SK, Conrad SA, Johnigan RH, Bidani A. Arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal: Development and impact on ventilator management and survival during severe respiratory failure. Perfusion 1999; 14:299 - 310
  • Zwischenberger JB, Alpard SK. Artificial lungs: a new inspiration. Perfusion 2002; 174:253 - 268
  • Zwischenberger BA, Clemson LA, Zwischenberger JB. Artificial lung: progress and prototypes. Expert Rev Med Devices 2006; 3:485 - 497

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.