Reconstructing sixty year (1950-2009) daily soil moisture over the Canadian Prairies using the Variable Infiltration Capacity model

References

• Andreadis , K. M. , Clark , E. A. , Wood , A. W. , Hamlet , A. F. and Lettenmaier , D. P. Journal of Hydrometeorology , 6 985 – 1001 . 2005. Twentieth- century drought in the conterminous United States
   Google Scholar
• Bergman , K. H. , Sabol , P. and Miskus , D. 1988 . “ Experimental indices for monitoring global drought conditions ” . In Proceedings of 13th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Cambridge, MA, November, 1988 190 – 197 . Washington , DC : U . S. Dept. of Commerce
   Google Scholar
• Bonsal , B. and Regier , M. 2007 . Historical comparison of the 2001/2002 drought in the Canadian Prairies. . Climate Research , 33 : 229 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone , A. , Habets , F. , Noilhan , J. , Clark , D. , Dirmeyer , P. , Fox , S. and Gusev , Y. 2004 . The Rhone-aggregation land surface scheme intercomparison project: An overview. . Journal of Climate , 17 : 187 – 208 . and others
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherkauer , K. A. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 1999 . Hydrologic effects of frozen soils in the upper Mississippi River basin. . Journal of Geophysical Research , 104 ( D16 ) : 19 599–19,610
   Google Scholar
• Cherkauer , K. A. , Bowling , L. C. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 2003 . Variable infiltration capacity cold land process model updates. . Global and Planetary Change , 38 : 151 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conly , F. M. and van der Kamp. , G. 2001 . Monitoring the hydrology of Canadian Prairie wetlands to detect the effects of climate change and land use changes. . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 67 : 195 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covich , A. P. , Fritz , S. C. , Lamb , P. J. , Marzolf , R. D. , Matthews , W. J. , Poiani , K. A. and Prepas , E. E. 1997 . Potential effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America. . Hydrological Processes , 11 : 993 – 1021 . and others
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutforth , H. W. , McConkey , B. G. , Woodvine , R. J. , Smith , D. G. , Jefferson , P. G. and Akinremi , O. O. 1999 . Climate change in the semiarid prairie of southwestern Saskatchewan: Late winter-early spring. . Canadian Journal of Plant Science , 79 : 343 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dümenil , L. and Todini , E. 1992 . “ A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model ” . In Advances in theoretical hydrology, A tribute to James Dooge , Volume 1 of the European Geophysical Society Series in Hydrological Sciences Edited by: O'Kane , J. 129 – 157 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Environment Canada. 2003 . “ Natural disasters on the rise ” . In The Science and the Environment Bulletin March/April, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Environment Canada. 2010a . National Climate Data and Information Archive http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/Welcome_e.html (accessed December, 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Environment Canada. 2010b . National Water Data Archive, Water Survey of Canada http://www.ec.gc.ca/rhc-wsc/ (accessed December, 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Environment Canada. 2010c . Adjusted and Homogenized Canadian Climate Data http://ec.gc.ca/dccha-ahccd/Default.asp?lang=En&n=B1F8423A-1 (accessed December, 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Fang , X. and Pomeroy , J. W. 2008 . Drought impacts on Canadian prairie wetland snow hydrology. . Hydrological Processes , 22 : 2858 – 2873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godwin , R. B. and Martin , F. R. J. 1975 . Calculation of gross and effective drainage areas for the Prairie Provinces. In Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrology Symposium, Winnipeg, Manitoba, August 11–14. 1975. Associate Committee on Hydrology, National Research Council of Canada 219 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , D. M. 1970 . Handbook on the principles of hydrology 691 New York : Water Information Center .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , D. M. and Landine , P. G. 1988 . An energy- budget snowmelt model for the Canadian Prairies. . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 25 : 1292 – 1303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , D. M. , Landine , P. G. and Granger , R. J. 1985 . Simulating infiltration into frozen Prairie soils in stream flow models. . Canadian Journal of Earth Science , 22 : 464 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , D. M. , Toth , B. , Pomeroy , J. W. , Zhao , L. and Granger , R. J. 2001 . Estimating areal snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils. . Hydrological Processes , 15 : 3095 – 3111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habets , F. , Noilhan , J. , Golaz , C. , Goutorbe , J. P. , Lacarrère , P. , Leblois , E. and Ledoux , E. 1999 . The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydrological model applied to the Hapex-Mobilhy area. Part 1: Model and database. . Journal of Hydrology , 217 : 75 – 96 . and others
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , M. C. , Defries , R. S. , Townshend , J. R. G. and Sohlberg , R. 2000 . Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 21 : 1331 – 1364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare , F. K. and Thomas , M. K. 1979 . Climate Canada., , 2nd ed. New York : John Wiley and Sons . 230
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi , M. , van der Kamp , G. and Schmidt , R. 2003 . Focused infiltration of snowmelt water in partially frozen soil under small depressions. . Journal of Hydrology , 270 : 214 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim , R. R. Jr . 2000 . Drought indices: A review. In Drought: A global assessment Edited by: Wilhite , D. A. 159 – 167 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Herrington , R. , Johnson , B. and Hunter , F. 1997 . Canada country study. Climate impacts and adaptation Vol. 3 , 13 Ottawa : Environment Canada . Responding to global climate change on the Prairies
   Google Scholar
• Hounam , C. E. , Burgos , J. J. , Kalik , M. S. , Palmer , W. C. and Rodda , J. 1975 . Drought and agriculture. Report of the CAgM Working Group on Assessment of Drought. Technical Note No. 138. WMO Publication No. 392 127 Geneva : World Meteorological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , A. E. , Heywwod , R. T. and Michielsen , J. C. 1992 . Soil moisture mapping of Alberta. In Soil moisture modeling 55 – 62 . Proceedings of National Hydrology Research Centre Workshop, March, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Huel , D. 2000 . Managing Saskatchewan wetlands: A landowner's guide. Regina: Saskatchewan Wetland Conservation Corporation 69
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007 . Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Summary for policymakers. Fourth assessment report 22 Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , K. H. 1984 . An evaluation of the Palmer drought index in southern Saskatchewan. Report CSS-R84–01 85 Regina : Atmospheric Environment Service .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , D. C. 1987 . Empire of dust: Settling and abandoning the Prairie dry belt 316 Edmonton : The University of Alberta Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keyantash , J. and Dracup , A. 2002 . The quantification of drought: An evaluation of drought indices. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 23 : 1167 – 1180 .
   Google Scholar
• Liang , X. , Lettenmaier , D. P. , Wood , E. F. and Burges , S. J. 1994 . A simple hydrologically based model of land-surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models. . Journal of Geophysical Research , 99 ( D7 ) : 14 415–14,428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , X. , Wood , E. F. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 1996 . Surface soil moisture parameterization of the VIC-2L model: Evaluation and modification. . Global and Planetary Change , 13 : 195 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , X. , Wood , E. F. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 1999 . Modeling ground heat flux in land surface parameterization schemes. . Journal of Geophysical Research , 104 ( D8 ) : 9581 – 9600 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , F. R. J. 2001 . Addendum No. 8 to Hydrology Report #104 109 Regina : Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada PFRA Technical Service .
   Google Scholar
• Narasimhan , B. and Srinivasan , R. 2005 . Development and evaluation of Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) and Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) for agricultural drought monitoring. . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 133 : 69 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , J. E. and Sutcliffe , J. V. 1970 . River flow forecasting through conceptual models: Part 1 – a discussion of principles. . Journal of Hydrology , 10 ( 3 ) : 282 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Nijssen , B. , Schnur , R. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 2001 . Global retrospective estimation of soil moisture using the Variable Infiltration Capacity land surface model, 1980–93. Journal of Climate 14 1790 – 1808 .
   Google Scholar
• Nkemdirim , L. C. 1991 . Sources of proxy meteorological data for Canadian prairies 91 Saskatoon : Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Nkemdirim , L. C. and Weber , L. 1999 . Comparison between the droughts of the 1930s and the 1980s in the southern Prairies of Canada. . Journal of Climate , 12 : 2434 – 2450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , W. C. 1965 . Meteorological Drought. Weather Bureau, Research Paper No. 45 58 Washington , DC : U . S. Dept. of Commerce
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , W. C. 1968 . Keeping track of crop moisture conditions, nationwide: The new Crop Moisture Index. . Weatherwise , 21 : 156 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , D. 1990 . The climates of Canada Edited by: Francis , D. , Gullett , D. and Truhlar , E. 123 Ottawa : Canadian Government Publications Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Pomeroy , J. W. and Goodison , B. E. 1997 . “ Winter and snow ” . In The surface climates of Canada Edited by: Bailey , W. G. , Oke , T. R. and Rouse , W. R. 68 – 100 . Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pomeroy , J. W. and Granger , R. J. 1997 . “ Sustainability of the western Canadian boreal forest under changing hydrological conditions: I - snow accumulation and ablation ” . In Sustainability of water resources under increasing uncertainty , IAHS Publ No. 240 Edited by: Rosjberg , D. , Boutayeb , N. , Gustard , A. , Kundzewicz , Z. and Rasmussen , P. 237 – 242 . Wallingford , , UK : IAHS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pomeroy , J. W. , de Boer , D. and Martz , L. W. 2007 . “ Hydrology and water resources ” . In Saskatchewan: Geographic Perspectives Edited by: Thraves , B. , Lewry , M. L. , Dale , J. E. and Schlichtmann , H. 63 – 80 . Regina : Cold Regions Research Centre (CRRC) . 63–80
   Google Scholar
• Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA) Hydrology Division. 1983 . The determination of gross and effective drainage areas in the Prairie Provinces. Hydrology Report #104 22 Regina : Agriculture Canada, PFRA Engineering Branch .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. A. , Jackson , T. J. and Rawls , W. J. 2000 . Estimating soil water-holding capacities by linking the Food and Agriculture Organization soil map of the world with global pedon databases and continuous pedotransfer functions. . Water Resources Research , 36 : 3653 – 3662 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , E. , Stewart , R. E. and Lin , C. A. 2006 . A study of drought characteristics over the Canadian Prairies. . Atmosphere-Ocean , 44 : 331 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbrock , H. H. 1960 . An automatic method for finding the greatest or least value of Function. . Computer Journal , 3 : 175 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit , A. 1989 . Southern Alberta's climate in the eighties 160 Department of Geography, University of Calgary . M.Sc. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , R. E. , Pomeroy , J. W. and Lawford , R. 2008 . A Drought Research Initiative for the Canadian Prairies (DRI). . CMOS Bulletin , 36 ( 3 ) : 87 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Su , F. G. and Xie , Z. H. 2003 . A model for assessing effects of climate change on runoff in China. . Progress in Natural Science , 13 : 701 – 707 . (in Chinese)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verseghy , D. L. 1991 . CLASS 0150–A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS. I. Soil model. . International Journal of Climatology , 11 : 111 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verseghy , D. L. , McFarlane , N. A. and Lazare , M. 1993 . CLASS—A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS. II. Vegetation model and coupled runs. . International Journal of Climatology , 13 : 347 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen , K. , Jin , G. S. , Li , D. J. and Li , Q. 1982 . A mathematical model for catchment runoff calculation. . Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 13 : 1 – 12 . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Wen , L. , Gallichand , J. , Viau , A. A. , Delage , Y. and Benoit , R. 1998 . Calibration of the CLASS model and its improvement. . Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) , 41 : 1345 – 1351 .
   Google Scholar
• Wen , L. , Wu , Z. Y. , Lu , G. H. , Lin , C. A. , Zhang , J. Y. and Yang , Y. 2007 . Analysis and improvement of runoff generation in the land surface scheme CLASS and comparison with field measurements from China. . Journal of Hydrology , 345 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton , E. , Wittrock , V. , Kulshreshtha , S. , Koshida , G. , Grant , C. , Chipanshi , A. and Bonsal , B. 2005 . Lessons learned from the Canadian drought years of2001 and 2002. Synthesis report for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Saskatchewan Research Council Publication No. 11602–46E03 45 Saskatoon : Saskatchewan Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton , E. , Koshida , G. , Bonsal , B. , Johnston , T. , Richards , W. and Wittrock , V. 2007 . Agricultural adaptation to drought (ADA) in Canada: the case of2001 to 2002. Saskatchewan Research Council Publication No. 11927–1E07 25 Saskatoon : Saskatchewan Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Wittrock , V. and Ripley , E. A. 1999 . The predictability of autumn soil moisture levels on the Canadian Prairies. . International Journal of Climatology , 19 : 271 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 1975 . Intercomparison of conceptual models used in operational hydrological forecasting. Operational Hydrology Report 7, WMO No. 429 172 Geneva : WMO .
   Google Scholar
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 1986 . Intercomparison of models of snowmelt runoff. Operational Hydrology Report 23, WMO No. 646 36 Geneva : WMO .
   Google Scholar
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO) . 1992 . Simulated realtime intercomparison of hydrological models. Operational Hydrology Report 38, WMO No. 779 Geneva : WMO .
   Google Scholar
• Woo , M. K. and Rowsell , R. D. 1993 . Hydrology of a prairie slough. . Journal of Hydrology , 146 : 175 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Z. Y. , Lu , G. H. , Wen , L. , Lin , C. A. , Zhang , J. Y. and Yang , Y. 2007 . Thirty-five year (1971–2005) simulation of daily soil moisture using the Variable Infiltration Capacity model over China. . Atmosphere-Ocean , 45 : 37 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , R. J. , Zhuang , Y. L. , Fang , L. R. , Liu , X. R. and Zhang , Q. S. 1980 . “ The Xinanjiang model. In Proceedings of Hydrological Forecasting ” . In Proceedings Oxford Symposium, IAHS 129 351 – 356 .
   Google Scholar