Bioconversion of Straw into Improved Fodder: Preliminary Treatment of Rice Straw Using Mechanical, Chemical and/or Gamma Irradiation

References

• Allen, M. B. 1953. Exp. in soil bacteriology. 1st, ed. Burgess Publ. Co.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Masri, M. R. 1999. In vitro digestible energy of some agricultural residues, as influenced by gamma irradiation and sodium hydroxide. Appl. Radial Isot. 50: 295–301.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Masri, M. R. and Guenther, K. D. 1999. Changes in digestibility and cell-wall constituents of some agricultural by-products due to gamma irradiation and urea treatments. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 55: 323–329.
   Google Scholar
• Araujo, A. and D’Souza, J. 1986. Enzymatic saccharification of pretreated rice straw and biomass production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28: 1503–1509.
   Google Scholar
• Babitskaya, V. G. 1986. Mycelial fungi as producers of protein biomass of lignocellulosic substrates. Mikologiya, I, Fitopathologia 20: 377–385.
   Google Scholar
• Banchomdhevakul, S. 2002. Effect of urea and urea-gamma treatments on cellulose degradation of Thai rice straw and com stalk. Radiat Phys. Chem. 64: 417–422.
   Google Scholar
• Bastawde, K. B. 1992. Cellulolytic enzymes of a thermotolerant Aspergillus terreus strain and their action on cellulosic substrates. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8: 353–368.
   Google Scholar
• Brenner, W., Rugg, B. and Rogers, C. 1977. Radiation treatment of solid wastes. In: Radiation processing (See FSTA (1979) 11 5G 346). New York Univ., New York, USA. pp. 389–401.
   Google Scholar
• Chahal, D. S. 1982. Bioconversion of lignocelluloses into food and feed rich in protein. In: Advances in agricultural microbiology. Subba RAO, N. S. (ed). Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. New Delhi, pp. 551–584.
   Google Scholar
• Chahal, D. S., Khan, S. M. and Maher, M. J. 1991. Production of mycelial biomass of oyster mushrooms on rice straw. Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi. Dublin, Irish Republic 2: 709–716.
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin, M. F. and Kennedy, J. F. 1987. Carbohydrate analysis. IRL Press, Oxford and Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Coronel, L. M., Mesina, O. G, Joson, L. M. and Sobrejuanite, E. E. 1991. Cellulase and xylanase production of Aspergillus fumigatus, a thermophilic fungus. Philippine J. Sci. 120: 283–303.
   Google Scholar
• Coverse, A. O., Ooshima, H., Burns, D. S., Greenboum, E. and Wyman, C. E. 1990. Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials based on surface area of cellulose accessible to enzyme and enzyme adsorption on lignin and cellulose. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24–25: 67–73.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple (F) test. Biometrics 11: 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Dytham, C. 1999. Choosing and using statistics: A biologist’s guide. Blackwell Science Ltd., London, UK. p. 147.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Y. W. and Anderson, A. W. 1975. Semi-solid fermentation of rye grass straw. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 159–165.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Y. W. and Callihan, C. D. 1974. Cellulose fermentation: Effect substrate pretreatment on microbial growth. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 159–165.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Y. W., Dunlap, C. E. and Callihan, C. D. 1971. Single cell protein from cellulosic wastes. Food Technol. 25: 130–133.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, S. H. T. and Lynch. J. M. 1985. Colonization and decomposition of straw by fungi. Trans. Bn Mycol. Soc. 85: 655–661.
   Google Scholar
• Helal, G. A. 2005a. Bioconversion of straw into improved fodder: Fungal flora decomposing rice straw. Mycobiology 33: 150–157.
   Google Scholar
• Helal, G. A. 2005b. Bioconversion of straw into improved fodder: Mycoprotein bioconversion and cellulolytic activity of rice straw decomposing fungi. Mycobiology 33: 90–96.
   Google Scholar
• Hoda, G. E. M., Alian, A. M., Nagwa, M. E. S. and Fadel, M. A. 1990. Enzymatic hydrolysis of some cellulosic wastes for fodder yeast production 1. Transformation of wastes to fermentable sugars. Annals Agric. Sci. Cairo 35: 143–155.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. G. 1978. Treating straw for animal feeding, animal production and health. Paper No. 10 (FAO, Rome).
   Google Scholar
• Kirk, T. K., Higuchi, T. and Chang, H. M. (eds.) 1979. Lignin biodegradation: microbiology, chemistry, and potential applications. Vols. 1 and 2 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk, T. K., Yang, H. H. and Keyser, P. 1978. The chemistry and physiology of the fungal degradation of lignin. Developm. Industr. Microbiol. 19: 51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Klyosov, A. A. and Sinitsyn, A. P. 1981. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. IV. Effect of major physico-chemical and structural features of the substrate. Bioorg. Khim. 7: 1801–1812.
   Google Scholar
• Lowery, O. H., Resebrough, N. J., Fan; A. L. and Randall, R. J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265–275.
   Google Scholar
• Malek, M. A. 2001. Ligno-cellulose degradation in solid-state fermentation of «radiated rice straw by Pleurotus sajor-caju fungi. Bangladesh Veterinarian 18: 148–152.
   Google Scholar
• Malek, M. A., Chowdhury, N. A., Matsuhashi, S., Hashimoto, S. and Kume, T. 1994. Radiation and fermentation treatment of cellulosic wastes. Mycoscience 35: 95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Malek, M. A., Matsuhashi, S. and Kume, T. 1998. Chemical composition and digestibility of rice straw fermented by selected fungi. Int. J. Mushroom Sci. 2: 27–32.
   Google Scholar
• Millet, M. A., Baker, A. J. and Sattar, L. D. 1976. Physical and chemical pretreatments for enhancing cellulose saccharification, Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symposium 6: 125–153.
   Google Scholar
• Malek, M. A., Baker, A. J. and Sattar, L. D. 1978. The use of organic residues in rural communities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 20: 107–113.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, M. M. and Bhatt, R. M. 1992. Optimization of the alkaline peroxide pretreatment for the delignification of rice straw and its applications. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 53: 253–263.
   Google Scholar
• Peiris, P. S. and Silva, I. 1987. Hydrolysis of rice straw to fermentable sugars by Trichoderma enzymes. MIRCEN J. 3: 57–65.
   Google Scholar
• Prendergast, P, Booth, A. and Colleran, E. 1983. Protein enrichment of pretreated lignocellulosic materials by fungal fermentation. In Production and feeding of single cell protein, M. P. Ferranti and A. Fiechter (eds.), Publ. By : Appl. Sci., Barking, ESSEX (UK), pp. 96–100.
   Google Scholar
• Rivers, D. B. and Emert, C. H. 1988. Factors affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse and rice straw. Biol, wastes 26: 90–95.
   Google Scholar
• Rolz, C. and Humphrey, A. 1982. Microbial biomass from renewables: Review of alternatives. Adv. Biochem. Eng. 198: 1–53.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, K., Sondhi, H. S. and Neelakantan, S. 1989. Bioconversion of wheat straw with cellulolytic moulds in submerged culture fermentation. Indian J. Ani. Nutrit. 6: 140–144.
   Google Scholar
• Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. 1982. Statistical methods. 6th edi. Blackwell Science Ltd., London, UK. p. 147.
   Google Scholar
• Thanikachalam, A. and Rangarajan, M. 1992. Bioconversion of rice straw into protein rich feed. Madras Agric. J. 79: 138–141.
   Google Scholar
• Tripathi, J. P. and Yadav, J. S. 1989. Selection of pre-treatment for an alkalophilic Coprinus fermentation of wheat straw’ in a two – stage process. Int. J. Ani. Sci. 4: 128–133.
   Google Scholar
• Weichert, D. 1991. Nitrogen as a guide element in bioconversion of lignocellulosics. Mikrobiologicheskii, Zhurnal 53: 103–111.
   Google Scholar
• Xin, L. Z. and Kumakura, M. 1993. Effect of radiation pretreatment of enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw with low concentrations of alkali solution. Bioresour. Technol. 43: 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Youssef, B. M. and Aziz, N. H. 1999. Influence of gamma-irradiation on the bioconversion of rice straw by Trichoderma viride into single cell protein. Cytobios 97: 171–183.
   Google Scholar