Engineering Aspects of Reverse Osmosis Module Design

References

• Dupont Company . 1983 . Permasep Technical Information Manual Wilmington
   Google Scholar
• Cirera , M. and Shields , C. P. History, success and recent developments in seawater reverse osmosis desalting in Spain — using DuPont reverse osmosis technology . Proc. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse . Madrid . pp. 421 – 439 . 2, (1997)
   Google Scholar
• Eckman , T. J. , Shields , C. P. , Stranz , J. W. and Wright , J. M. III . 1997 . The Hollow-Fiber CartridgeTM development and commercialization of an entirely new reverse osmosis device/technology” . Proc. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Madrid, 1997 , 3 : 441 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Andrews , W. T. and Bergman , R. A. 1983 . “ The Malta seawater RO facility ” . In First World Congress on Desalination and Water Re-use Florence , , Italy
   Google Scholar
• Eckman , T. J. , Moch , I. and Shields , C. P. 1994 . The TWINTM Permeator — development and commercialization of a new RO device . Desalination , 96 : 11 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohland , H. W. , Hamida , A. B. and Chida , K. 1994 . Reliable supply of drinking water through use of high performance B-10 TWIN Permeators. A one year case history at Das Island, UAE . Desahution , 96 : 303 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamida , A. B. , Lutfi , M. H. , Mongy , A. A. and Ramadan , I. 1997 . Advantages of higher conversion on Arabian Gulf, Al Zawrah SWRO plant . Proc. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Madrid, 1997 , 2 : 341 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Barendsen , W. Ch. and Moch , I. 1995 . Design and operation of a 1.2 MGD (4542 CUMD) open sea intake plant in the Caribbean . Proc. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Abu Dhabi, 1995 , 3 : 25 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Moch , I. 1992 . Hollow fiber permeators and reverse osmosis . Desal. Water Reuse , 2/3 : 30 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorenflo , A. , Redondo , J. A. and Reverberi , F. 2005 . Basic options and two case studies for retrofitting hollow fiber elements by spiral-wound RO technology . Desalination , 178 : 247 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reverberi , F. and Gorenflo , A. 2007 . Three year operational experience of a spiral-wound SWRO system with a high fouling potential feed water . Desalination , 203 : 100 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorenflo , A. and Sehn , P. The 13,500 m3/d plant in Galilah (UAE): Experiences and performance within the first 12 months of operation . Deutsche Meerwasserentsalzung (DME) conference Seawater Desalination in United Arabic Emirates . Berlin .
   Google Scholar
• Busch , M. and Mickols , W. E. 2004 . Reducing energy consumption in seawater desalination . Desalination , 165 : 299 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Molina , V. , Busch , M. and Sehn , P. 2009 . Cost savings by novel seawater reverse osmosis elements and design concepts . Desal. Wat. Treat. , 7 : 160 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorenflo , A. , Redondo , J. A. , Busch , M. , Casañas , A. and Johnson , J. Innovaciones tecnológicas en la osmosis inversa de agua de mar . IV Congreso nacional AEDyR, Desalación y Reutilización Mirando al Futuro . Las Palmas de Gran Canaria .
   Google Scholar
• Casañas , A. , Busch , M. , Sanchez , M. and Ramirez , R. S. Etapas de concentrador de salmuera de la Planta Desaladora del Sureste de Gran Canaria: primer año de funcionamiento . IV Congreso nacional AEDyR, Desalación y Reutilización Mirando al Futuro . Las Palmas de Gran Canaria .
   Google Scholar
• Kurihara , M. , Yamamura , H. , Nakanishi , T. and Jinno , S. 2001 . Operation and reliability of very high-recovery seawater desalination technologies by brine conversion two-stage RO desalination system . Desalination , 138 : 191 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polasek , V. , Talo , S. and Sharip , T. 2003 . Conversion from hollow fiber to spiral technology in large seawater RO systems - process design and economics . Desalination , 156 : 239 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalle G. S. , Die head for extruding plastic netting and method of extruding such netting , US Patent 3067084, 1962 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwinge , J. , Wiley , D. E. and Fane , A. G. 2004 . Novel spacer design improves observed flux . J. Membr. Sci. , 229 : 53 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , F. , Meindersma , W. , de Haan , A. B. and Reith , T. 2005 . Novel spacers for mass transfer enhancement in membrane separations . J. Membr. Sci. , 253 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillen , G. and Hoek , E. M. V. 2009 . Modeling the impacts of feed spacer geometry on reverse osmosis and nanofiltration processes . Chem. Eng. J. , 149 : 221 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karode S. K. and Kumar A. , Feed spacers for filtration membrane modules , US Patent 6989097, 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Vrouwenvelder , J. S. , Graf von der Schulenburg , D. A. , Kruithof , J. C. , Johns , M. L. and van Loosdrecht , M. C. M. 2009 . Biofouling of spiral-wound nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes: A feed spacer problem . Wat. Res. , 43 : 583 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal , P. R. , Li , H. , Fane , A. G. and Wiley , D. E. 2003 . The effect of filament orientation on critical flux and particle deposition in spacer-filled channels . J. Membr. Sci. , 214 : 165 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels , C. , Hirose , M. and Fujioka , H. 2008 . Performance advancement in the spiral wound RO/NF element design . Desalination , 221 : 207 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson J. E. , Spiral wound element with improved feed spacer , US Patent 6881336, 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Kihara M. , Minegishi S. and Nakanishi T. , Spiral reverse osmosis membrane element, reverse osmosis membrane module using it, device and method for reverse osmosis separation incorporating the module , US Patent 6656362, 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , H.-L. , Lin , J. C.-T. and Huang , C. 2009 . Application of nanosilver surface modification to RO membrane and spacer for mitigating biofouling in seawater desalination . Wat. Res. , 43 : 3777 – 3786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausman , R. , Gullinkala , T. and Escobar , I. 2009 . Development of low-biofouling polypropylene feedspacers for reverse osmosis . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 114 : 3068 – 3073 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saveliev M. , Carlson K. , Jersey S. , Burban J. , Shanahan J. , Averbeck D. , Adam T. and Peterson K. , Reverse osmosis system , US Patent 20090194478A1, 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradford W. L. , Herrington R. E. and Clement A. D. , Filtration membrane and method of making same , US Patent 7311831, 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Incropera , F. P. and DeWitt , D. P. 1985 . Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Foreman G. E. and Worsley P. K. , Spiral wound membrane module for direct osmosis separations , US Patent 4033878, 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• The Dow Chemical Company . 2009 . FILMTEC Membranes Product Information Catalog, Form 609-00204-1108
   Google Scholar
• Wilf M. , Franks R. , Bartels C. and Ikeyama N. , Device for measuring permeate flow and permeate conductivity of individual reverse osmosis membrane elements , US Patent 7584061B2, 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Chikura S. and Yasuhiro U. , Seal ring holder for membrane element and membrane element , US Patent 20050057002A1, 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham W. , A flow distributor plate for treatment of water by reverse osmosis , PCT Patent WO2009090510A1, 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. E. , Hallan , M. J. , Peery , M. H. and Johnson , L. D. 2003 . “ Say good-bye to the weakest link: Introducing a new method for coupling membrane elements ” . In Proc. 2003 Congress of the International Desalination Association, Paper BAH03-48
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz W. A. , Seal arrangement for rapid interconnection or axially arranged separation elements , US Patent 5851267, 1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Colby D. M. , Lesan F. K. , Franks A. M. , Hsieh C. L. and Mukherjee A. K. , Filtration element and method of constructing a filtration assembly , US Patent 7063789B2, 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• van der Meer W. G. J. , van Paassen W. C. and Moel de P. J. , Coupling unit for membrane elements , European Patent EPO925825B1, 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Lohman , E. M. 1994 . Operating report of the largest reverse osmosis desalting plant . Desalination , 96 : 349 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun , T. I. , Gabelich , C. J. , Coffey , B. M. and Bergman , R. A. Performance and economic evaluation of a 16-inch-diameter reverse osmosis membrane for surface water desalting . Proc. AWWA Membrane Conference .
   Google Scholar
• Bartels , C. , Bergman , R. , Hallan , M. , Henthorne , L. , Knappe , P. , Lozier , J. , Metcalfe , P. , Peery , M. and Shelby , I. 2004 . Industry consortium analysis of large reverse osmosis and nanofiltration element diameters , US Bureau of Reclamation . Desalination and Water Purification Report No. 114
   Google Scholar
• Bergman , R. A. , Lozier , J. , Wang , F. and Henthorne , L. Large-diameter RO and NF membrane elements — commercialization and use update . Proc. AWWA 10th Biennial Membrane Technology Conference . Memphis , Tennessee .
   Google Scholar
• Hallan , M. J. , Johnson , J. E. , Koreltz , M. S. , Peery , M. H. and Peterson , G. W. 2007 . Design, development, and evaluation of sixteen inch diameter RO modules Proc. IDA World Congress, Paper MP07-011
   Google Scholar
• Faigon , M. and Liberman , B. 2003 . Pressure center and boron removal in Ashkelon desalination plant , Proc. IDA World Congress . Paper BAH03-181
   Google Scholar
• Yun , T. I. , Gabelich , C. J. , Cox , M. R. , Mofidi , A. A. and Lesan , R. 2006 . Reducing costs for large-scale desalting plants using large-diameter, reverse osmosis membranes . Desalination , 189 : 141 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong , R. S. , Johnson , J. E. and Zhao , E. Sixteen-inch reverse osmosis module performance in water reuse . Proc. SIWW Water Convention 2009 . Paper IWA 1098
   Google Scholar
• von Gottberg , A. and Lesan , R. Meeting the challenges of construction, operation, and maintenance of large scale RO elements . Proc. AWWA Membrane Technology Conference .
   Google Scholar