Moorn (Black)? Djardak (White)? How come I don’t fit in Mum? Exploring the racial identity of Australian Aboriginal children and youth

References

• Affairs, Department of Indigenous (2008) Glossary Heritage and Culture Department of Indigenous Affairs: Perth, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Affairs, Department of Indigenous (2009) First People Available at: http://pals.dia.wa.gov.au/firstPeople.aspx [Date of access: 2 March 2009].
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, I. (2001) ‘Aboriginal society and health: Critical issues demand what from sociologists?’ Health Sociology Review 10(2):5–20.
   Google Scholar
• Bodkin-Andrews, G. and Craven, R.G. (2006a) ‘The mental health of Indigenous Australians: Inequities and new directions’ proceedings Self-Concept, Motivation, Social and Personal Identity for the 21st Century 4th International SELF Research Conference (July 23–27): Ann Arbor, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Bodkin-Andrews, G. and Craven, R.G. (2006b) ‘Multifaceted self-concept of Indigenous Australian secondary students: Structure and relations to other academic variables’ Self-Concept, Motivation, Social and Personal Identity for the 21st Century 4th International SELF Research Conference (July 23–27): Ann Arbor, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Briscoe, G. (2003) Counting, Health and Identity: A History of Aboriginal Health And Demography in Western Australia and Queensland 1900–1940 Aboriginal Studies Press: Canberra, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Britton, P. (2000) ‘Improving the self-concept of Aboriginal students: A holistic approach’ in Craven, R. (ed) Aboriginal Studies and Self-Concept for a Nation 10th Annual ASA Conference, Aboriginal Studies Association: Sydney, Australia, pp. 37–40.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, A. and LaFromboise, T.D. (2005) ‘The racial identity and cultural orientation of Lumbee American Indian high school students’ Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 11:82–89.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, D.; Pyett, P. and McArthy, L. (2007) ‘Community development interventions to improve Aboriginal health: Building an evidence base’ Health Sociology Review 16(3–4): 304–314.
   Google Scholar
• Cass, A.; Devitt, J.; Preece, C.; Cunningham, J.; Anderson, K.; Snelling, P.; Eris, J. and Ayanian, J. (2004) ‘Barriers to access by Indigenous Australians to kidney transplantation: The IMPAKT Study’ Nephrology 9:144–146.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, M.J.; Lalonde, C.E.; Sokol, B.W.; Hallett, D. and Marcia, J. and E. (2003) ‘Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide: A study of Native and non-Native North American adolescents’ Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 68:i–138.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, M.J. and Lolande, C. (1998) ‘Cultural continuity as a hedge against suicide in Canada’s First Nations’ Transcultural Psychiatry 35:191–219.
   Google Scholar
• Chavez, A.F. and Guido-DiBrito, F. (1999) ‘Racial and ethnic identity and development’ New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 84:39–47.
   Google Scholar
• Colaizzi, P. (1978) ‘Psychological research as the phenomenologist view it’ in Valle, R. and King, M. (eds) Existential Phenomenological Alternatives For Psychology Oxford University: New York, pp. 48–71.
   Google Scholar
• Coolwell, W. (1993) My Kind of People: Achievement, Identity And Aboriginality University of Queensland: St Lucia.
   Google Scholar
• Coram, S. (1999) Reclaiming Aboriginal Identity through Australian Rules Football: A Legacy of the ‘Stolen Generation’ Available at: http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/1999/nsw/p159–164.pdf [Date of access: 13.02.09].
   Google Scholar
• Corenblum, B. (1996) ‘Development of identity in Native Indian children: Review and possible futures’ The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 16:81–103.
   Google Scholar
• Council, National Health and Medical Research (2004) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research: A Healthy Start to Life Policy Framework National Health and Medical Research Council. Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/grants/types/granttype/strategic/_files/fwork.pdf [Date of access: 16.02.09].
   Google Scholar
• Craven, R.G. and Marsh, H.W. (2004) ‘The Challenge for counsellors: Understanding and addressing Indigenous secondary students’ aspirations, self-concepts and barriers to achieving their aspirations’ Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 14:16–33.
   Google Scholar
• Craven, R.G. and Marsh, H.W. (2005) Dreaming Futures: An Empirical Analysis of Indigenous Australian Students’ Aspirations, Self-Concepts, and Realities Information Age Publishing: Greenwich, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Din-Dzietham, R.; Nembhard, W.N.; Collins, R. and Davis, S.K. (2004) ‘Perceived stress following race-based discrimination at work is associated with hypertension in African-Americans. The metro Atlanta heart disease study, 1999–2001’ Social Science and Medicine 58:449–461.
   Google Scholar
• Dudgeon, P.; Lazaroo, S. and Pickett, H. (1990) ‘Aboriginal girls: Self-esteem or self-determination?’ in Kenway, J. and Willis, S. (eds) Hearts And Minds: Self-Esteem And The Schooling Of Girls The Falmer Press: London, pp. 71–96.
   Google Scholar
• Dudgeon, P. and Oxenham, D. (1989) ‘The complexity of Aboriginal diversity: Identity and kindredness’ Black Voices 5(1):22–38.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, K.; Forrest, J.; Pe-Pau, R. and Smith, S. (2004) ‘Experiences of racism in the Australian body politics: Extent, spheres, and cultural unevenness’ in Khoo, T. (ed) UQ Australian Studies Centre Conference: The Body Politic University of Queensland: Brisbane, Australia. Available at http://www.uws.edu.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0017/27116/Dunnetal_2005.pdf [Date of Access: 02.02.09].
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, E. (1994) Identity: Youth And Crisis W W. Norton and Co: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Foley, D. (2000) ‘Aboriginality? The plight of the fair-skinned Indigenous Australian student in the secondary school system’ in Craven, R. (ed) Aboriginal Studies: Self Concept For A Nation 10th Annual ASA Conference, Aboriginal Studies Association: Sydney, pp. 51–55.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, G.; Ziersch, A.M.; Baum, F.; Bentley, M. and Palmer, C (2007) ‘Racism and its impact on health for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’ proceedings, 30th Public Health Association of Australia Annual Conference (September 23–26): Alice Springs.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S.E.; Bulsara, C.E.; Bulsara, M.K.; Leahy, T.G.; Culbong, M.R.; Henrie, D. and Holman, C.D. (2007) ‘Treatment patterns for cancer in Western Australia: Does being Indigenous make a difference?’ Medical Journal of Australia 181:191–194.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, R.; Tobias, M.; Jeffreys, M.; Waldegrave, K.; Karlsen, S. and Nazroo, J. (2006) ‘Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Maori health and inequalities in New Zealand: Crosssectional study’ The Lancet 367:2005–2009.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J.S. and Sellers, S.L. (1996) ‘African–American health over the life course: A multidimensional framework’ in Kato, P. and Mann, T. (eds) Handbook Of Diversity Issues in Health Psychology Plenum Press: New York, pp. 301–317.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, D.J. (2005) ‘The ecology of children’s racial coping: Family, school and community influences’ in Weisner, T. (ed) Discovering Successful Pathways in Children’s Development: Mixed Methods In The Study Of Childhood and Family Life University of Chicago Press: Chicago, pp. 87–110.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R.L. (2002) ‘Racial identity from an African American perspective’ Journal of Cultural Diversity 9(3):72–78.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, P.A. and Barrett, M. (1997) Early Predictors of Children’s Intergroup Attitudes APA Symposium on the Development of Prejudice in Children and Adolescents. Available at: http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/15/22/ eb.pdf [Date of access: 16.05.08].
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S. (1997) ‘Urban Nyoongar children’s sense of self in sport’ in Jaggard, E. and Ryan, J. (eds) Perspectives on Sport and Society 18:81–94.
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S (1999a) ‘School sport self concept of urban Aboriginal school children: Teacher influences’ proceedings, Australian and New Zealand Association for Research in Education National Conference (November 29–December 2): Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S. (1999b) Urban Aboriginal Children In Sport: Experiences, Perceptions And Sense Of Self Education Edith Cowan University: Perth.
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S (2005a) Effectiveness of Moorditj: Caregivers’ Thoughts and Opinions of Their Children’s Education: Part 2 of a 3 Year Study Koya Indigenous Research Group: Perth.
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S. (2005b) I RISE: Indigenous Racial Identity And Self Esteem. Statement On Values And Ethics: Guidelines For Ethical Conduct In Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Health Research Koya Indigenous Research Group: Perth.
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S. (2007) ‘Maintaining Aboriginal cultural protocols when conducting research with urban Australian Aboriginal children’ International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development Newsletter 52(2):23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S. (2008) ‘How Aboriginal peer interactions in upper primary school sport support Aboriginal identity’ The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 37:138–151.
   Google Scholar
• Kickett-Tucker, C.S. and Partington, G. (2000) Effectiveness of Moorditj: Caregivers’ Thoughts And Opinions Of Their Children’s Education: Part 1 of a 3 Year Study Koya Indigenous Research Group: Perth.
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, N. (2000) ‘Discrimination and health’ in Berkman, I. and Kawachi, I. (eds) Social Epidemiology Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp. 35–75.
   Google Scholar
• Kvernmo, S. (1998) ‘Language and ethnic identity in indigenous adolescents’ in Skoe, E. and Von Der Lippe, A. (eds) Personality And Development In Adolescents: A Cross National And Life Span Perspective Routledge: London, pp. 123–142.
   Google Scholar
• Kvernmo, S. and Heyerdahl, S. (1996) ‘Ethnic identity in Aboriginal Sami adolescents: The impact of the family and the ethnic community context’ Journal of Adolescence 19:453–463.
   Google Scholar
• Kvernmo, S. and Heyerdahl, S. (2003) ‘Acculturation strategies and ethnic identity as predictors of behavior problems in Arctic minority adolescents’ Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42:57–65.
   Google Scholar
• Kvernmo, S. and Heyerdahl, S. (2004) ‘Ethnic identity and acculturation attitudes among indigenous Norwegian Sami and ethnocultural Kven adolescents’ Journal of Adolescent Research 19:512–532.
   Google Scholar
• Lalonde, C.E. (2006) ‘Identity formation and cultural resilience in Aboriginal communities’ in Flynn, R.; Dudding, P. and Barber, J. (eds) Promoting Resilience In Child Welfare University of Ottawa Press: Ottawa, pp. 52–72.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, A.; Gillies, M.; Howard, P. and Coffin, J. (2007) ‘It’s enough to make you sick: The impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians’ Australian New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31:322–329.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J.; McMurray, A. and Stanley, F. (2008) ‘Modernity’s paradox and the structural determinants of child health and well-being’ Health Sociology Review 17(1):64–77.
   Google Scholar
• Lofgren, N. (1995) ‘Gibbs v Capewell and Ors: Defining Aboriginal identity’ Aboriginal Law Bulletin Available at: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLB/1995/30.html [Date of access: 13.02.09].
   Google Scholar
• Mallie, T. (2006) Aboriginal Identities within Architecture and the Built Environment: Involving Perceptions of a Sample of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Architects Available at: http://www.unisa.edu.au/icer/IRF2006/Mallie.pdf [Date of access: 13.02.09].
   Google Scholar
• Markstrom, C.A. and Iborra, A. (2003) ‘Adolescent identity formation and rites of passage: The Navajo Kinaalda ceremony for girls’ Journal of Research on Adolescence 13:399–425.
   Google Scholar
• Mellor, D. (2003) ‘Contemporary racism in Australia: The experiences of Aborigines’ Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29:474–486.
   Google Scholar
• Miliora, M.A. (2000) ‘Beyond empathic failures: Cultural racism as narcissistic trauma and disenfranchisement of grandiosity’ Clinical Social Work Journal 28:43–54.
   Google Scholar
• Mol, H. (1982) The Firm And The Formless Wilfred Laurier University Press: Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Morrissey, M. (2003) ‘Social Determinants of Indigenous Health: A Research Agenda’ Health Sociology Review 11(1):31–44.
   Google Scholar
• Naidoc (2008) What is NAIDOC? National NAIDOC Available at: http://www.naidoc.org. au/what_is/ [Date of access: 24.06.08].
   Google Scholar
• Niles, S. (1999) ‘Stress, coping and mental health among immigrants to Australia’ in Lonner, W.; Dinnel, D.; Forgays, D. and Hayes, S. (eds) Merging Past, Present and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology selected readings from the 14th International Congress of the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Swets and Zeitlinger: Lisse, Netherlands, pp. 293–307.
   Google Scholar
• Onsman, A. (2000) ‘Fostering self-esteem amongst Aboriginal students: You versus the media’ in Craven, R. (ed) 10th Annual Aboriginal Studies Association Sydney, pp. 100–104.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, D. and Collard, L. (1993) ‘Aboriginal young people and youth subcultures’ in White, R. (ed) Youth Subcultures: Theory, History And The Australian Experience Hobart National Clearinghouse for Youth Studies: Tasmania, pp. 114–121.
   Google Scholar
• Paradies, Y. (2006a) Race, Racism, Stress and Indigenous Health Department of Public Health, University of Melbourne: Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• Paradies, Y. (2006b) ‘A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health’ International Journal of Epidemiology 35:888–901.
   Google Scholar
• Partington, G. and McCudden, V. (1992) Ethnicity and Education Social Science: Wentworth Falls, NSW.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A. and Dudgeon, P. (2003) Indigenous Children At School: A Look Beyond The Scenes Gunada Press: Perth.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A. and Walker, I. (1997) ‘Prejudice against Australian Aborigines: Old fashioned and modern forms’ European Journal of Social Psychology 27:561–587.
   Google Scholar
• Phinney, J.S. and Alipuria, L. (1990) ‘Ethnic identity in college students from four ethnic groups’ Journal of Adolescence 13:171–184.
   Google Scholar
• Purdie, N.; Tripcony, P.; Boulton-Lewis, G.; Gunstone, A. and Fanshawe, J. (2000) Positive Self-Identity For Indigenous Students And Its Relationship To School Outcomes Commonwealth Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs: Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Purdie, N. (2002) Self-Concepts of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australian Students Available at: http://self.uws.edu.au/Conferences/2002_CD_Purdie.pdf [Date of access: 03.11.04].
   Google Scholar
• Purdie, N. and McCrindle, A. (2004) ‘Measurement of self-concept among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian students’ Australian Journal of Psychology 56:50–62.
   Google Scholar
• Quintana, S.M. and Vera, E.M. (1999) ‘Mexican American children’s ethnic identity, understanding of ethnic prejudice and parental ethnic socialisation’ Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences 21:387–404.
   Google Scholar
• Riecken, T.; Conibear, F.; Michel, C.; Lyall, J.; Scott, T.; Tanaka, M.; Stewart, S.; Riecken, J. and Strong-Wilson, T. (2006) ‘Resistance through re-presenting culture: Aboriginal student filmmakers and a participatory action research project on health and wellness’ Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l’éducation 29:265–286.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, J. (1990) Getting The Most From Your Data: A Handbook Of Practical Ideas On How To Analyse Qualitative Data Technical and Educational Services: Bristol, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Rollock, D. and Gordon, W. (2000) ‘Racism and mental health into the 21st century: Perspectives and parameters’ American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70:5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Rotheram, M.J. and Phinney, J.S. (1988) ‘Introduction: Definitions and perspectives in the study of children's ethnic socialization’ in Phinney, J. and Rotheram, M. (eds) Children’s Ethnic Socialization: Pluralism And Development Sage: Newbury Park, CA, pp. 10–28.
   Google Scholar
• Senior, K. and Chenhall, R. (2007) ‘“Stopping sniffing is our responsibility”: Community “ownership” of a petrol sniffing program in Arnhem Land’ Health Sociology Review 16(3–4):315–327.
   Google Scholar
• Shoebridge, J. and Willis, E. (eds) (2001) ‘Indigenous health and the contribution of sociology’ Health Sociology Review 10(1):1–64.
   Google Scholar
• Silviken, A. and Kvernmo, S. (2007) ‘Suicide attempts among indigenous Sami adolescents and majority peers in Arctic Norway:
   Google Scholar
• Prevalence and associated risk factors’ Journal of Adolescence 30:613–626.
   Google Scholar
• Stuurman, R. (2004) Aboriginal Identity in Contemporary Society Available at: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/2081/1/2081.pdf [Date of access: 11.02.09].
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. (2003) Who’s Your Mob? The Politics Of Aboriginal Identity And The Implications For A Treaty Aboriginal Studies Press: Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner, L.; Agius, K. and Darbyshire, P. (2005) ‘Sometime they run away, that’s how scared they feel: Paediatric hospitalisation experiences of Indigenous families from remote areas of Australia’ Contemporary Nurse 18(1):3–17.
   Google Scholar
• Umaña-Taylor, A.J.; Diversi, M. and Fine, M.A. (2002) ‘Ethnic identity and self-esteem among Latino adolescents: Making distinctions among the Latino populations’ Journal of Adolescent Research 17: 303–327.
   Google Scholar
• Umaña-Taylor, A.J. and Fine, M.A. (2004) ‘Examining a model of ethnic identity development among Mexican-origin adolescents living in the U.S’ Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science 26:36–59.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ausdale, D. and Feagin, J.R. (1996) ‘Using racial and ethnic concepts: The critical case for very young children’ American Sociological Review 61:779–793.
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Berg, R. (2002) Nyoongar People Of Australia: Perspectives On Racism And Multiculturalism Brill: Leiden, Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Whitesell, N.R.; Mitchell, C.M.; Kaufman, C.E. and Spicer, P. (2006) ‘Developmental trajectories of personal and collective self-concept among American Indian adolescents’ Child Development 77:1487–1503.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Z.; Noh, S.; Kaspar, V. and Schimmele, C.M. (2003) ‘Race, ethnicity, and depression in Canadian society’ Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44:426–441.
   Google Scholar
• Zubrick, S.R.; Silburn, S.R.; Lawrence, D.M.; Mitrou, F.G.; Dalby, R.B.; Blair, E.M.; Griffin, J.; Milroy, H.; De Maio, J.A.; Cox, A. and Li, J. (2005) The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: The Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal Children and Young People Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research: Perth, Australia.
   Google Scholar