Explaining the growth of complementary and alternative medicine

References

• Anderson, R. (1981) ‘Medicine, Chiropractic and Caste’ Anthropology Quarterly 54:157-165.
   Google Scholar
• Angell, M. and Kassirer, J. (1998) ‘Alternative medicine: The risks of untested and unregulated remedies’ New England Journal of Medicine 339(12):839-841.
   Google Scholar
• Astin, J. (1998) ‘Why patients use alternative medicine: Results of a national study’ Journal of the American Medical Association 279(19):1548-1553.
   Google Scholar
• Baer, H. (1984) ‘A Comparative view of a heterodox health system: Chiropractic in America and Britain’ Medical Anthropology 8:151-68.
   Google Scholar
• Baer, H. (2006) ‘The drive for legitimation in Australian naturopathy: Successes and dilemmas’ Social Science and Medicine 63(7): 1771-1783.
   Google Scholar
• Bakx, K. (1991) ‘The “eclipse” of folk medicine in western society’ Sociology of Health and Illness 13:20-38.
   Google Scholar
• Bayton, G. (2005) ‘Complementary medicine: The views of Reflexologists on integration within the NHS’ unpublished paper, presented at the BSA Medical Sociology Conference: York, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim E. (2002) Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences Sage: London.
   Google Scholar
• Bensoussan, A. (1999) Complementary medicine: Where lies its appeal? Medical Journal of Australia 170:247-8.
   Google Scholar
• Biggs, L. (1991) ‘Chiropractic education: A struggle for survival’ Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 14(1):22-28.
   Google Scholar
• Cant, S and Sharma, U (1999) A new medical pluralism?: Alternative medicine, doctors, patients and the state. VLC Press: London.
   Google Scholar
• Chalmers, I. (1998) ‘Evidence of the effects of health care: A plea for a single standard across “orthodox” and “complementary” medicine’ Complementary Therapies in Medicine 6(4):211-213.
   Google Scholar
• Cobb, A. (1977) ‘Pluralistic legitimation of an alternative therapy system: The case of chiropractic’ Medical Anthropology 1:1-23.
   Google Scholar
• Coburn, D. (1991) ‘Legitimacy at the expense of narrowing of scope of practice: Chiropractic in Canada’ Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 14(10):14-21.
   Google Scholar
• Coburn, D. (1993) ‘State authority, medical dominance, and trends in the regulation of the health professions: The Ontario case’ Social Science and Medicine 37(7):841-50.
   Google Scholar
• Coburn, D. and Biggs, C. (1986) ‘Limits to medical dominance’ Social Science and Medicine 22(10):1035-1046.
   Google Scholar
• Collyer, F.M. (2004) ‘The corporatisation and commercialisation of complementary and alternative medicine’ in Tovey, P.; Easthope, G. and Adams, J. (eds) The Mainstreaming of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Social Context: An International Perspective Routledge: London. pp. 81-99.
   Google Scholar
• Coulter, I (1991) ‘Sociological studies of the role of the chiropractor: An exercise in ideological hegemony?’ Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 14(1):51-58.
   Google Scholar
• Coulter, I. (1998) ‘Efficacy and risks of chiropractic manipulation: What does the evidence suggest?’ Integrative Medicine 1(2):61-66.
   Google Scholar
• Cowie, J. and Roebuck, J. (1975) An Ethnography of a Chiropractic Clinic: Definitions of a Deviant Situation Free Press: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Crook, S.; Pakulski, S. and Waters, M. (1992) Postmodernisation: Changes in Advanced Society Sage: London.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, D. (1988) Epidemiology: Basis for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Macmillan: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Easthope, G.; Gill, G.; Beilby, J. and Tranter, B. (1999) ‘Acupuncture in Australian general practice: Patient characteristics’ Medical Journal of Australia 170(6):259-262.
   Google Scholar
• Eastwood, H. (2000) ‘Why are Australian GPs using alternative medicine? Postmodernisation, consumerism and the shift towards holistic health’ Journal of Sociology 36(2):133-156.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, D.; Davis, R.; Ettner, S.; Appel, S.; Wilkey, S. and Van Rompay, M. (1998) ‘Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: Results of a followup national survey’ Journal of the American Medical Association 280(18):1569-75.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, E. and Barnes, J. (1998) ‘Methodological approaches to investigating the safety of complementary medicine’ Complementary Therapies in Medicine 6(3):115-121.
   Google Scholar
• EBPC: http://www.rand.org/health/centers/epc/projects/nccam.html
   Google Scholar
• Faass, N. (2001) Integrating Complementary Medicine into Health Systems Aspen: Gaithersburg.
   Google Scholar
• Friedson, E. (1970) Professional Dominance Aldine: Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Goldbeck-Wood, S.; Dorozynski, A.; Lie, L.; Yamauchi, M.; Zinn, C. and Josefson, D. (1996) ‘Complementary medicine is booming worldwide’ British Medical Journal 313:131-3.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, M. (1999) Alternative Health Care: Medicine, Miracle, or Mirage? Temple University Press: Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, R. and Rees, P. (2000) ‘The prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use among the general population: A systematic review of the literature’ Complementary Therapies in Medicine 8(2):88-96.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, D. and Wood, P. (1975) ‘Heterodox practitioners and the availability of specialist advice’ Rheumatology and Rehabilitation 14(3):191-199.
   Google Scholar
• House of Lords (2002) Report on Complementary and Alternative Medicine House of Lords: London.
   Google Scholar
• Kellner, M. and Wellman, B. (1997) Health care and consumer choice: medical and alternative therapies. Social Science and Medicine 45(2): 203-212.
   Google Scholar
• Kingston, S. (1996) ‘The assessment of clinical skills for practitioners of complementary medicine’ Complementary Therapies in Medicine 4(3):202-203.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, M. (1977) The Rise Of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, J.; Glass, A. and Kushi, L. ( 1997) ‘Quantitative methods in research on complementary and alternative medicine: A methodological manifesto’ Medical Care 35(11):1079-1094.
   Google Scholar
• Lewith, G. and Davies, P. (1996) ‘Complementary medicine: The need for audit’ Complementary Therapies in Medicine 4(4):233-236.
   Google Scholar
• Lewith, G. and Aldridge, D. (eds) (1993) Clinical Research for Complementary Therapies Hodder and Stoughton: London.
   Google Scholar
• MacLennan, A.; Wilson, D. and Taylor A. (1996) ‘Prevalence and cost of alternative medicine in Australia’ Lancet 347(9001):569-573.
   Google Scholar
• MacLennan, A.; Wilson, D. and Taylor, A. (2002) ‘The escalating cost and prevalence of alternative medicine’ Preventive Medicine 35(2):166-173.
   Google Scholar
• McCorkle, T. (1961) ‘Chiropractic: A deviant theory of disease and treatment in contemporary western culture’ Human Organization 20:20-23.
   Google Scholar
• Millar, W. (1997) ‘Use of alternative health care practitioners by Canadians’ Canadian Journal of Public Health 88: (3)154-58.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, J. and Shepherd S. (1993) ‘Alternative or additional medicine? An exploratory study in general practice’ Social Science and Medicine 37(8):983-88.
   Google Scholar
• Nagaele, K. (1970) Health and Healing Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) (2000) Expanding Horizons Of Healthcare: Five-Year Strategic Plan, 2001-2005. Available at: www.nccam.nih.gov/about/plans/fiveyear/index.htm (accessed Apr 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Neimark, J. (1997) ‘Their numbers are growing, and so is their confidence: More and more respected mainstream physicians are blending traditional and alternative medicine’ Psychology Today Jan-Feb:53-69.
   Google Scholar
• Nofz, M. (1978) ‘Paradigm identification and organizational structure: An overview of the chiropractic health care profession’ Sociological Symposium 22:18-32.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, T. (1964) ‘Definitions of health and illness in the light of American values and social structure’ in Social Structure and Personality Free Press: London.
   Google Scholar
• Saks, M. (2003) Orthodox and Alternative Medicine Sage: London.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, N. (1978) ‘The utilization of chiropractors’ Sociological Symposium 22:55-71.
   Google Scholar
• Siahpush, M. (1998) ‘Postmodern values, dissatisfaction with conventional medicine and popularity of alternative therapies’ Journal of Sociology 34(1):58-70.
   Google Scholar
• Siahpush, M. (1999a) ‘Postmodern attitudes about health: A population-based exploratory study’ Complementary Therapies in Medicine 7(3):164-9.
   Google Scholar
• Siahpush, M. (1999b) ‘Why do people favour alternative medicine?’ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 23(3):266-71.
   Google Scholar
• Sointu, E. (2005a) ‘The rise of an ideal: Tracing changing discourses of wellbeing’ The Sociological Review 53(2):255-274.
   Google Scholar
• Sointu, E. (2005b) ‘The search for wellbeing in alternative and complementary health practices’ The Sociology of Health and Illness 28(3):330-349.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, D. (1969) Boys in Plight. A Case Study of Chiropractic Students Confronting a Medically Oriented Society Ph.D. thesis, New York University: New York.
   Google Scholar
• The Fraser Institute (1999) Alternative Medicine In Canada: Use And Public Attitudes Public Policy Source 21, Fraser Institute: Vancouver.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. J.; Nicoll, J. P. and Coleman, P. (2001) ‘Use and expenditure on complementary medicine in England: a population based survey’ Complementary Therapies in Medicine 9:2-11.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoef, M.; Russell, M. and Love, E. (1994) ‘Alternative medicine use in rural Alberta’ Canadian Journal of Public Health 85(5):308-309.
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, A.; Cassileth, B. and Ernst, E. (1997) ‘How should we research unconventional therapies?’ International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 13(1):111-121.
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, A. (1996) ‘Methodological issues in complementary and alternative medicine research: A personal reflection on 10 years of debate in the United Kingdom’ Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2(4):515-524.
   Google Scholar
• Wardwell, W. (1952) ‘A marginal professional role: The chiropractor’ Social Forces 30:339-46.
   Google Scholar
• Wardwell, W. (1955) ‘The reductions of strain in a marginal role’ American Journal of Sociology 61(1):16-26.
   Google Scholar
• Wardwell, W. (1962) ‘Limited, marginal, and quasi-practitioners’ in Freedman, H.; Levine, G. and Reeder, L. (eds) Handbook of Medical Sociology Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Wardwell, W. (1994) ‘Alternative medicine in the United States’ Social Science and Medicine 38(8):1061-1068.
   Google Scholar
• Weisner, D. (1983) ‘A caste and outcasts system in medicine’ Social Science and Medicine 17:475.
   Google Scholar
• Wild, P. (1978) ‘Social origins and ideology of chiropractors: An empirical study of the socialization of the chiropractic student’ Sociological Symposium 22:33-54.
   Google Scholar
• Wiles, J. and Rosenberg, M. (2001) ‘“Gentle caring experience”: Seeking alternative health care’ Canada, Health and Place 7(3):209-224.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, E. (1989) Medical Dominance Allen and Unwin: Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, E. (1991) ‘Chiropractic in Australia’ Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 14(1):59-69.
   Google Scholar
• Wootton, J. (1997) ‘Directory of databases for research into alternative and complementary medicine: An update’ Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 3(4):401-403.
   Google Scholar