The low down on the down low: Origins, risk identification and intervention

References

• Barnshaw, J. (2005) Age differences in sexual risk taking behaviour among men who have sex with men M.A. Thesis, University of North Carolina – Charlotte, Charlotte, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, R. (1982/2006) Gay and gray: The older homosexual Man Harrington Park Press: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Binson, D.; Michaels, S.; Stall, R.; Coates, T.; Gagnon, J.; and Catania, J. (1995) ‘Prevalence and social distribution of men who have sex with men: United States and its urban centers’ The Journal of Sex Research 32(3):245–254.
   Google Scholar
• Binson, D.; Woods, W.; Pollack, L.; Paul, J.; Stall, R.; and Catania, J. (2001) ‘Differential HIV risk in bathhouses and public cruising areas’ American Journal of Public Health 91(9):1482–1486.
   Google Scholar
• Boykin, K. (2005) Beyond the down low: Sex, lies and denial in Black America Carroll and Graf: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, A. (2000) ‘AIDS in historical perspective: Four lessons from the history of sexually transmitted diseases’ in Lemelle, A.; Harrington, C.; and Le Blanc, A. (eds) Readings in the sociology of AIDS Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, P. (1996) ‘Communities of colour: HIV among latinos’ Harvard AIDS Review 19(1):96–103.
   Google Scholar
• Carballo-Dieguez, A.; Ventuneac, A.; Bauermeister, J.; Dowsett, G.; Dolezal, C.; Remien, R.; Balan, I.; and Rowe, M. (2009) ‘Is “bareback” a useful construct in primary HIV-prevention? Definitions, identity and research’ Culture, Health and Sexuality 11(1):51–65.
   Google Scholar
• Catania, J. (2000) ‘Methods’ in Catania, J. (ed.) 1996–1998 Urban men’s health study Centre for AIDS Prevention Studies: San Francisco, CA, pp. 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Catania, J.; Osmond, D.; Stall, R.; Pollack, L.; Paul, J.; Blower, S.; Binson, D.; Canchola,J.; Mills, T.; Fisher, L.; Choi, K.; Porco, T.; Turner, C.; Blair, J.; Henne, J.; Bye, L.; and Coates, T. (2001) ‘The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men’ American Journal of Public Health 91(6):907–914.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006a) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Volume 18 CDCP: Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006b) Fact sheet: HIV/AIDS among African Americans CDCP: Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010) Fact sheet: HIV among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) CDCP: Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, K. (1965) Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power Harper and Row: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. (2000) Black feminist thought Routledge: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. (2005) Black sexual politics Routledge: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, B.; and Terrill, T. (2009) The American south, Volume II McGraw-Hill: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Denizet-Lewis, B. (2003) ‘Double lives on the down low’ New York Times Magazine 48:28–53.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz, R. (1997) ‘Macho, Latino, HIV positive’ The Advocate 9:1.
   Google Scholar
• Dolcini, M.; Catania, J.; Stall, R.; and Pollack, L. (2003) ‘The HIV epidemic among older men who have sex with men’ Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 33(2):S115–S121.
   Google Scholar
• Ekstrand, M.; Coates, T.; Guydish, J.; Hauck, W.; Collette, L.; and Hulley, S. (1994) ‘Are bisexually identified men in San Francisco a common vector for spreading HIV infection to women?’ American Journal of Public Health 84(6):915–919.
   Google Scholar
• El Zabar, K. (2001) ‘A word from the editor’ Lifelines:The Journal of African American Health 3:2.
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, J.; Vera, H.; and Batur, P. (2000) White racism Routledge: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, C.; Whetten, K.; Hall, S.; Kaufman, J.; and Thrasher, A. (2007) ‘Black sexuality, social construction, and research targeting the “down low” (the “DL”)’ Annals of Epidemiology 17(3):209–216.
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, J.; and Simon, W. (1987) ‘The sexual scripting of oral genital contacts’ Archives of Sexual Behavior 16(1):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, G.; Relf, M.; Huang, B.; Pollack, L.; Canchola, J.; and Catania, J. (2002) ‘Battering victimization among a probability-based sample of men who have sex with men’ American Journal of Public Health 92(12):1964–1969.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, E. (1994) Invisible life Anchor: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G. (1998) Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals, Volume 4 Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G.; Wildman, K.; and Capitanio, J. (2005) ‘When sex equals AIDS: Symbolic stigma and heterosexual adults’ inaccurate beliefs about sexual transmission of AIDS’ Social Problems 52(1):15–37.
   Google Scholar
• Icard, L. (2008) ‘Researching African American men on the “down low”: Sampling hidden populations: Implications for HIV prevention’ Journal of Homosexuality 55(3):437–449.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, C. (1997) The gay metropolis: 1940–1996 Harcourt Brace: Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Kalton, G. (1993) ‘Sampling considerations in research on HIV risk and illness’ in Ostrow, D.; and Kessler, R. (eds) Methodological issues in AIDS behavioral research Plenum Press: New York, pp. 53–74.
   Google Scholar
• King, J.; and Hunter, K. (2004) On the down low: A journey into the lives of ‘straight’ Black men who sleep with men Random House: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon, J. (2003) Agendas, alternatives, and public policies Longman: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein, B. (2000) ‘Secret encounters: Black men, bisexuality and AIDS in Alabama’ Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14(3):374–393.
   Google Scholar
• Litwack, L. (1998) Trouble in mind Knopf: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Loseke, D. (2003) Thinking about social problems (2nd edn.) Aldine de Gruyter: Hawthorne, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Malebranche, D. (2008) ‘Bisexually active black men in the United States and HIV: Acknowledging more than the “down low”’ Archives of Sexual Behavior 37(5):810–816.
   Google Scholar
• McKee, J. (1993) Sociology and the race problem: The failure of a perspective University of Illinois: Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, T.; Stall, R.; Pollack, L.; Paul, J.; Binson, D.; Canchola, J.; and Catania, J. (2001) ‘Health-related characteristics of men who have sex with men: A comparison of those living in “gay ghettos” with those living elsewhere’ American Journal of Public Health 91(6):980–983.
   Google Scholar
• Nero, C. (2005) ‘Why are gay ghettos white?’ in Johnson, E.; and Henderson, M. (eds) Black queer studies: A critical anthology Duke University Press: Durham, NC, pp. 228–248.
   Google Scholar
• Neuman, L. (2003) Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (5th edn.) Allyn and Bacon: Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Nichols, J.; Speer, D.; Watson, B.; Watson, M.; Vergon, T.; Vallee, C.; and Meah, J. (2002) Aging with HIV: Psychological, social and health issues Academic Press: San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Omi, M.; and Winant, H. (1994) Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s Routledge: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, J.; Catania, J.; Pollack, L.; and Stall, R. (2001) ‘Understanding childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of sexual risk-taking among men who have sex with men: The urban men’s health study’ Child Abuse and Neglect 25(4):557–584.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, L. (2005) ‘Deconstructing “down low” discourse: The politics of sexuality, gender, race, AIDS, and anxiety’ Journal of African American Studies 9(2):3–15.
   Google Scholar
• Reiss, A. (1961) ‘The social origins of peers and queers’ Social Problems 9(2):102–130.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, M. (2007) ‘An anatomy of the straight Black sissy as theoretical intervention’ in Wright, M.; and Schumann, A. (eds) Blackness and sexualities Springer-Verlag: Berlin, pp. 41–58.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, B. (1997) ‘Owning an epidemic: The impact of AIDS on small-city lesbian and gay communities’ in Levine, M.; Nardi, P.; and Gagnon, J. (eds) In changing times: Gay men and lesbians encounter HIV/AIDS University of Chicago Press: Chicago, pp. 14–169.
   Google Scholar
• Seidman, S. (1997) Difference troubles: Queering social theory and sexual politics Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Stall, R.; Paul, J.; Greenwood, G.; Pollack, L.; Bein, E.; Crosby, G.; Mills, T.; Binson, D.; Coates, T.; and Catania, J. (2001) ‘Alcohol use, drug use and alcohol-related problems among men who have sex with men: The urban men’s health study’ Addiction 96(12):1589–1601.
   Google Scholar
• Stine, G. (2005) AIDS update 2005: An annual overview of acquired immune deficiency syndrome Pearson: San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Wentworth, E. (1993) Survey responses: An evaluation of their validity Academic Press: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Wolitski, R.; Jones, K.; Wasserman, J.; and Smith, J. (2006) ‘Self-identification as “down low” among men who have sex with men from 12 US cities’ AIDS and Behavior 10(5):519–529.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, L. (1995) ‘One drop of blood’ in C. Gallagher (ed.) Rethinking the colour line: Readings in race and ethnicity Mayfield: London, pp. 46–56.
   Google Scholar