The determinants of female circumcision among adolescents from communities that practice female circumcision in two Nairobi informal settlements

References

• Abdalla, R. D. (2006). ‘My grandmother called it the three feminine sorrows’: The struggle of women against female circumcision in Somalia. In R. M. Abusharaf (Ed.), Female circumcision: Multicultural perspectives. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• African Population and Health Research Center [APHRC]. (2002). Population and health dynamics in Nairobi informal settlements. Report of the Nairobi Cross-sectional Slums Survey (NCSS) 2000. Nairobi, Kenya: Author
   Google Scholar
• Almroth, L., Almroth-Berggren, V., Hassanein, O. M., El Hadi, N., Al-Said, S. S. E., Hasan, S. S. A., et al. (2001a). A community based study on the change of practice of female genital mutilation in a Sudanese village. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 74, 179–185.
   Google Scholar
• Almroth, L., Almroth-Berggren, V., Hassanein, O. M., Al-Said, S. S. E., Hasan, S. S. A., Lithell, U. B., et al. (2001b). Male complications of female genital mutilation. Social Science & Medicine, 53, 1455–1460.
   Google Scholar
• Assaad, M. B. (1980). Female circumcision in Egypt: Social implications, current research, and prospects for change. Studies in Family Planning, 11, 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, L., & Keddie, N. (1978). Women in the Muslim world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bosch, X. (2001). Female genital mutilation in developed countries. The Lancet, 358, 1177–1179.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, D. D., Potterat, J. J., Roberts, J. M., & Brody, S. (2007). Male and female circumcision associated with prevalent HIV infection in virgins and adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania. Annual Epidemiology, 17, 217–226.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kaplan, J. R., & Manuk, S. B. (1994). Social support and coronary heart disease. In S. A. Shumaker, & S. M. Czajkowski (Eds.), Social support and cardiovascular disease. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cornman, J. C., Goldman, N., Glei, D. A., Weinstein, M., & Chang, M. C. (2002). Socialties and perceived support: Two dimensions of social relationships and health among the elderly in Taiwan. Office of Population Research Princeton University Working paper Series, Princeton University. Journal of Aging and Health, 15(4), 616–644.
   Google Scholar
• Dandash, K. F., Refaat, A. H., & Eyada, M. (2001a). Female genital mutilation: A prospective view. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27, 459–464.
   Google Scholar
• Dandash, K. F., Refaat, A. H., & Eyada, M. (2001b). Female genital mutilation: A descriptive study. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27, 453–458.
   Google Scholar
• De Silva, S. (1989). Obstetric sequelae of female circumcision. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 32, 233–240.
   Google Scholar
• Dirie, M. A., & Lindmark, G. (1991). Female genital mutilation in Somalia and women’s motives. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 70, 581–585.
   Google Scholar
• Dorkenoo, E., & Elworthy, S. (1994). Female genital mutilation. In M. Davies (Ed.), Women and violence. London, England: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, J. H. (1998). Female circumcision: Persistence amid conflict. Health Care for Women International, 19, 477–479.
   Google Scholar
• El-Gibaly, O., Ibrahim, B., Mensch, B. S., & Clark, W. H. (2002). The decline of female circumcision in Egypt: Evidence and interpretation. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 205–220.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman-Jacobs, C., & Cliften, D. (2010). Female genital mutilation/cutting: Data trends updates 2010. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/pdf10/fgm-wallchart2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ford, N. (2001). Tackling female genital cutting in Somalia. The Lancet, 358, 1179.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, D. (1991). Female circumcision and genital operations in Egypt and the Sudan: A dilemma for medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 5, 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Gruenbaum, E. (2001). The female circumcision controversy: An anthropological perspective. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, R. O. (1975). Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women’s roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: A functional analysis. American Ethnologist, 2, 617–633.
   Google Scholar
• Herieka, E., & Dhar, J. (2003). Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: Survey of the attitude of Khartoum university students towards this practice. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 79, 220–223.
   Google Scholar
• James, S. M. (1998). Shades of othering: Reflections on female circumcision/genital mutilation. Signs, 23, 1031–1048.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, J. G. (1970). Circumcision and excision in Egyptian Nubia. Man, 5, 175–191.
   Google Scholar
• Kenya National Bureau of Statistics [KNBS], & ICF Macro. (2010). Kenya demographic and health survey 2008–09. Calverton, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Koso-Thomas, O. (1987). The circumcision of women: A strategy for eradication. London, England: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kouba, L. J., & Muasher, J. (1985). Female circumcision in Africa: An overview. African Studies Review, 28, 95–110.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelmark, M. B. (1999). Social ties and health promotion: Suggestions for population-based research. Health Education Research, 14, 447–451.
   Google Scholar
• Morzaria, M., & Ahmed, Z. (2006). Education and awareness make progress against female genital cutting in Kenya. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/kenya_35433.html
   Google Scholar
• National Council for Population and Development [NCPD], Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS] Office of the Vice President and Ministry of Planning and National Development Kenya, & Macro International Inc. [MI]. (1999). Kenya demographic and health survey 1998. Calverton, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Njambi, W. N. (2004). Dualisms and female bodies in representations of African female circumcision: A feminist critique. Feminist Theory, 5, 281–303.
   Google Scholar
• Sayed, G. H., Abd El-Aty, M. A., & Fadel, K. A. (1996). The practice of female genital mutilation in Upper Egypt. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 55, 285–291.
   Google Scholar
• Shell-Duncan, B. (2001). The medicalization of female ‘circumcision’: Harm reduction or promotion of a dangerous practice? Social Science & Medicine, 52, 1013–1028.
   Google Scholar
• Shweder, R. A. (2000). What about ‘female genital mutilation’? And why understanding culture matters in the first place. Daedalus, 129, 209–232.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2006). The state of the world’s children (2007) Women and children: The double dividend of gender equality. New York, NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2011). The state of the world’s children 2011. Adolescence: An age of opportunity. New York, NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, L., & Sobieszczyk, T. (1997). Attitudes surrounding the continuation of female circumcision in the Sudan: Passing the tradition to the next generation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 966–981.
   Google Scholar
• Winterbottom, A., Koomen, J., & Burford, G. (2009). Female genital cutting: Cultural rights and rites of defiance in Northern Tanzania. African Studies Review, 52, 47–71.
   Google Scholar