- Claus Offe, ‘Governance: An “Empty Signifier?”' (2009) 16 Constellations 550.
- Alongside constitution sit constitutionalism and constitutionalisation as well as constitutional law. See Martin Loughlin, ‘What is Constitutionalisation?' in Petra Dobner and Martin Loughlin (eds), The Twilight of Constitutionalism? (Oxford University Press, 2010) 47.
- Teubner foated the idea of societal constitutionalism in response to the challenges facing national con stitutions in the context of globalisation in the prestigious Storrs Lecture he delivered at Yale Law School in October 2003. Part of the speech was later published in Gunther Teubner, ‘Societal Constitutionalism: Alternatives to State-Centred Constitutional Theory?' in Christian Joerges, Inger-Johannes Sand and Gun-ther Teubner (eds), Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism (Hart Publishing, 2006) 3.
- See his Preface in Gunther Teubner, Constitutional Fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization (Oxford University Press, 2012).
- Thomas Vesting, ‘Constitutionalism or Legal Theory? Comments on Gunther Teubner' in Joerges, Sand and Teubner (n 3) 29.
- Teubner (n 4).
- Ibid, 52.
- See generally Dobner and Loughlin (n 2).
- As will be made clear below, in Constitutional Fragments Teubner not only provides an alterative constitutional theory but also applies it to practical issues at the core of the discussion of global constitutionalism. In the present essay, I shall focus on the theoretical part without delving into his applied constitutional theory.
- Giovanni Sartori, ‘Constitutionalism: A Preliminary Discussion' (1962) 56 American Political Science Review 853.
- Karl Loewenstein, Political Power and the Governmental Process (University of Chicago Press, 1957) 149–50, 152–3. See also Sartori (n 10) 861 (relabelling what Loewenstein called semantic constitution as ‘nominal constitution’).
- Teubner (n 4) 4–1.
- Ibid, 2–3.
- Ibid, 46.
- Ibid, 3.
- Ibid, 46–51.
- Ibid, 3–4.
- NW Barber, The Constitutional State (Oxford University Press, 2010) 19–22 (emphasis omitted)
- See Loughlin (n 2) 2–53.
- Teubner (n 4) 6.
- Ibid, 15–30.
- Ibid, 25–38.
- Ibid, 7.
- Ibid, 36–38.
- Ibid, 41.
- See ibid, 43.
- Ibid, 3–4 (quoting Chris Thornhill, ‘Constitutional Law from the Perspective of Power: A Response to Gunther Teubner' (2011) 19 Social and Legal Studies 244, 244). For Thornhill's version of constitutional sociology, see Chris Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions: Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2011). For a comparative analysis of Teubner's and Thornhill's sociological accounts of constitutionalism, see Ji?í P?ibá?, ‘Constitutionalism as Fear of the Political? A Comparative Analysis of Teubner's Constitutional Fragments and Thornhill's A Sociology of Constitutions' (2012) 39 Journal of Law and Society 441.
- Teubner (n 4) 4–38.
- Ibid, 44.
- Ibid, 8.
- Ibid, 13.
- Ibid, 51.
- Ibid, 10.
- Ibid, 13.
- He refers to this feature as ‘capillary constitutionalisation’. See ibid, 83–86.
- Ibid, 45.
- Ibid, 54–55. Transnational organisations such as the World Trade Organization and non-state organisations on the basis of private ordering are included. Ibid, 55.
- Ibid, 58.
- Ibid, 58–59.
- Ibid, 63.
- Ibid, 62 (emphasis in original).
- See ibid, 62–66.
- Ibid, 82.
- Ibid.
- Bruce Ackerman, ‘Higher Lawmaking' in Sanford Levinson (ed), Responding to Imperfection: The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment (Princeton University Press, 1995) 63.
- Teubner (n 4) 82.
- Ibid, 75–83.
- Ibid, 89 (emphasis added).
- Ibid, 89–96.
- Ibid, 96.
- Ibid, 97–102.
- Ibid, 101.
- See ibid, 102–10.
- Ibid, 83–86.
- Fernanda G Nicola, ‘The Promise of Comparative Administrative Law: A Constitutional Perspective on Independent Agencies' in Susan Rose-Ackerman and Peter L Lindseth (eds), Comparative Administrative Law (Edward Elgar, 2010) 185.
- Teubner (n 4) 120.
- Ibid, 107–8.
- Ibid, 120.
- See Gunther Teubner, Law as an Autopoietic System (Blackwell, 1993).
- Frank I Michelman, ‘Constitutional Authorship' in Larry Alexander (ed), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations (Cambridge University Press, 1998) 64, 65. See also Ming-Sung Kuo, ‘Cutting the Gordian Knot of Legitimacy Theory? An Anatomy of Frank Michelman's Presentist Critique of Constitutional Authorship' (2009) 7 International Journal of Constitutional Law 683, 695–6.
- Teubner (n 4) 4–62.
- See Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, Constitutional Identity (Harvard University Press, 2010).
- Teubner (n 4) 4–65.
- Ibid, 68.
- Ibid, 62.
- Ibid, 63.
- Ibid (emphasis omitted).
- Ibid, 18.
- Cf Dieter Grimm, ‘The Achievement of Constitutionalism and its Prospects in a Changed World' in Dob ner and Loughlin (n 2) 3, 20.
- Teubner (n 4) 33.
- Ibid, 110.
- Bruce Ackerman, We The People: Foundations, Volume One (Belknap Press, 1993) 231–43.
- Gunther Teubner, ‘A Constitutional Moment? The Logics of Hitting the Bottom' in Poul F Kjaer, Gunther Teubner and Alberto Febbrajo (eds), The Financial Crisis in Constitutional Perspective: The Dark Side of Functional Differentiation (Hart Publishing, 2011) 3.
- Loughlin (n 2) 47.
- Teubner (n 4) 18.
- Ibid, 105.
- Ibid, 106.
- See ibid, 104.
- See ibid.
- Teubner (n 4) 110.
- Ibid.
- Ibid (emphasis added).
- Ibid, 110.
- See eg Michael Perry, ‘What Is “The Constitution”? (And Other Fundamental Questions)' in Alexander (n 60) 99, 99–100.
- Teubner (n 4) 110.
- See Ming-Sung Kuo, ‘Reconciling Constitutionalism with Power: Towards a Constitutional Nomos of Political Ordering' (2010) 23 Ratio Juris 390.
- Cf Bruce Ackerman, ‘The Holmes Lectures: The Living Constitution' (2007) 120 Harvard Law Review 1737, 1811.
- Compare Christoph Möllers, The Three Branches: A Comparative Model of Separation of Powers (Oxford University Press, 2013) 126–8, with Martin Shapiro and Alec Stone Sweet, On Law, Politics, and Judicialization (Oxford University Press, 2002) 364.
- See Ming-Sung Kuo, ‘The End of Constitutionalism As We Know It? Boundaries and the State of Global Constitutional (Dis)Ordering' (2010) 1 Transnational Legal Theory 329, 358–64.
- Jed Rubenfeld discusses Milan Kundera's portrayal of a motorcyclist driving at breakneck speed on the highway to illustrate how constitutionalism cannot be sustained on a presentist basis. See Jed Rubenfeld, Freedom and Time: A Theory of Constitutional Self-Government (Yale University Press, 2001) 3.
- See ibid.
- See ibid, 3–16.
- Loewenstein (n 11) 149–50, 152–3.
- Teubner (n 4) 73–75, 47–49.
- Ibid, 120–1.
- Ibid, 122.
- Ibid.
- Ibid, 121.
- See Neil Walker, ‘Beyond the Holistic Constitution?' in Dobner and Loughlin (n 2) 291, 307.
- See William F Harris II, The Interpretable Constitution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993) 46–113.
- See Michelman (n 60) 60–73.
- Barber (n 18) 1.
- Teubner (n 4) 60.
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