Abstract
Aims
Six Delta is a six-dimensional independent platform for outcome-based pricing/contracting. The second dimension (δ2) estimates prices on the basis of four willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds. We describe this dimension’s methodology and present a proof-of-concept application to the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutation with osimertinib.
Materials and methods
Eight WTP scenarios based on four levels of real gross domestic product per capita (<1GDP/capita, 1 × GDP/capita, 3 × GDP/capita, and >3 × GDP/capita) and two market conditions (monopolistic versus competitive) were assumed. The incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) was applied to differently to both markets. In the monopolistic market, assuming no competitors, the cost/QALY ratio for a drug was used; whereas in the competitive market, assuming competitors, the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) was applied. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed and predictive equations were specified to estimate the prices of treatment for the resulting eight WTP scenarios; for which subsequently the average and standard deviation were calculated. A gamma distribution was specified and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was applied to estimate the dimension-specific price based on WTP (DSPWTP). A proof-of-concept exercise with osimertinib in NSCLC was performed for two hypothetical outcome-based contracts: 1-year (2019–2020) and 2-year (2019–2021). The 2018 wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) of $14,616 (30-day prescription) was used to estimate the DSPWTP for each contract.
Results
The 1-year estimates averaged $4,654 (SD=$6,462) and the MCS yielded a DSPWTP of $4,547 or −68.89% of the 2018 WAC for a 30-day prescription. The 2-year estimates averaged $4,7667 (SD=$6,480) with the MCS generating a DSPWTP of $4,704 or −67.82% of the WAC.
Conclusions
We demonstrated that WTP-based methods that include various WTP thresholds and market conditions generate price estimates across these thresholds and market conditions that can be integrated into our proposed Six Delta platform for outcome-based pricing/contracting.
Transparency
Declaration of funding
The work reported herein was performed without sponsorship or grant funding.
Disclosure of financial/other interests
The authors have no financial relationships to declare.
JME peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.
Author contributions
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship of this manuscript.
Acknowledgements
No assistance was received in the preparation of this article. Sandipan Bhattacharjee is now at the University of Texas at Austin.
Notes
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