Focus on Notoginsenoside R1 in Metabolism and Prevention Against Human Diseases

Abstract

Notoginsenoside (NG)-R1 is one of the main bioactive compounds from Panax notoginseng (PN) root, which is well known in the prescription for mediating the micro-circulatory hemostasis in human. In this article, we mainly discuss NG-R1 in metabolism and the biological activities, including cardiovascular protection, neuro-protection, anti-diabetes, liver protection, gastrointestinal protection, lung protection, bone metabolism regulation, renal protection, and anti-cancer. The metabolites produced by deglycosylation of NG-R1 exhibit higher permeability and bioavailability. It has been extensively verified that NG-R1 may ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced injury in cardiovascular and neuronal systems mainly by upregulating the activity of estrogen receptor α-dependent phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathways and downregulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. However, no specific targets for NG-R1 have been identified. Expectedly, NG-R1 has been used as a main bioactive compound in many Traditional Chinese Medicines clinically, such as Xuesaitong, Naodesheng, XueShuanTong, ShenMai, and QSYQ. These suggest that NG-R1 exhibits a significant potency in drug development.

Keywords:

• notoginsenoside (NG)-R1
• Panax notoginseng
• micro-circulatory hemostasis
• permeability
• bioavailability

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81860261) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (100006122193).

Data Sharing Statement

The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Author Contributions

Shouying Du provided the idea of this paper and resolved the problems in research process. Hai Liu and Jianqiong Yang contributed equally to this manuscript for collecting materials and writing the paper, Wanqing Yang, Shaonan Hu, Yali Wu helped with literature screening and paper writing. Bo Zhao, Haiyan Hu organized the information and edited the article pictures. All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflict of interests.