Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles: Emerging Nanosystems for Enhanced Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Tissue engineering holds great potential for tissue repair and rejuvenation. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) have recently emerged as a promising avenue in tissue engineering. However, there is an urgent need to understand how plant ELNs can be therapeutically applied in clinical disease management, especially for tissue regeneration. In this review, we comprehensively examine the properties, characteristics, and isolation techniques of plant ELNs. We also discuss their impact on the immune system, compatibility with the human body, and their role in tissue regeneration. To ensure the suitability of plant ELNs for tissue engineering, we explore various engineering and modification strategies. Additionally, we provide insights into the progress of commercialization and industrial perspectives on plant ELNs. This review aims to highlight the potential of plant ELNs in regenerative medicine by exploring the current research landscape and key findings.

Keywords:

• plant
• exosome-like nanoparticles
• nanomedicine
• tissue engineering
• cartilage
• wound
• bone

Abbreviations

ELNs, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles; NPs, nanoparticles; DLS, dynamic light scattering; NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; ECM, extracellular matrix; GC-ELNs, Garlic chive-derived ELNs; BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins; OPN, osteopontin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; COLI, collagen I; G-Exos, ginseng-derived exosomes; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Medpeer for its picture source assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

Disclosure

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest for this work.

Additional information

Funding

This study is supported by grants from Scientific research project of Xi’an Jiaotong University (xzy012022130) and Xi’an Talent Plan Project (XAYC210060).