https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-1173
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Abstract
The development of numerous diseases is significantly influenced by inflammation. Macrophage-derived exosomes (M-Exos) play a role in controlling inflammatory reactions in various conditions, including chronic inflammatory pain, hypertension, and diabetes. However, the specific targets and roles of M-Exos in regulating inflammation in diseases remain largely unknown. This review summarizes current knowledge on M-Exos biogenesis and provides updated information on M-Exos’ biological function in inflammation modulation. Furthermore, this review highlights the functionalization and engineering strategies of M-Exos, while providing an overview of cutting-edge approaches to engineering M-Exos and advancements in their application as therapeutics for inflammation modulation. Finally, multiple engineering strategies and mechanisms are presented in this review along with their perspectives and challenges, and the potential contribution that M-Exos may have in diseases through the modulation of inflammation is discussed.
Abbreviations
M-Exos, macrophage-derived exosomes; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; M1, classically activated macrophages; M2, alternatively activated macrophages; MVBs, multivesicular bodies; ESEs, early endosomes; LSEs, late endosomes; DCs, dendritic cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells; miRNA, microRNA; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-4, interleukin 4; IL-13, interleukin 13; M0-Exos, unpolarised M0 macrophage-derived exosomes; M1-Exos, polarised M1 macrophage-derived exosomes; M2-Exos, M2 macrophage-derived exosomes; Stxs, Shiga toxins; PM, particulate matter; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1; PAK2, p21-activated kinase 2; Sirt1, Sirtuin 1; AMPKα2, protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic Subunit alpha 2; PD, Parkinson’s disease; COM, calcium oxalate monohydrate; PM-Exos, peripheral macrophage-derived exosomes; HS, hemorrhagic shock; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PMNs, polymorphonuclear neutrophils; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; ALI, acute lung injury; CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages; Mf, naïve macrophage; PTX, Paclitaxel; HAL, hexyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride; Exos-cur, curcumin-loaded M-Exos; Mel@M2-exos, M2-exosomes loading with melatonin; Exos-Slb, silibinin-loaded M-Exos; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; LCP, lipid calcium phosphate; BSP, betamethasone sodium phosphate; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; HNV, hybrid exosome-mimic nanovesicles; SCI, spinal cord injury; PMN, photosensitive hydrogel microneedles.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81970261; 82100440), the 14th Five-Year-Plan Advantageous and Characteristic Disciplines (Groups) of Colleges and Universities in Hubei Province for Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial Department of Education in China, Research and innovation team project of Wuhan Sports University (No. 21KT04). Thanks to Figdraw for giving the drawing support.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.