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Abstract
Purpose
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) offers a promising alternative for delivering poorly soluble drugs, challenged by the stratum corneum’s barrier effect, which restricts the pool of drug candidates suitable for TDDS. This study aims to establish a delivery platform specifically for highly lipophilic drugs requiring high doses (log P > 5, dose > 10 mg/kg/d), to improve their intradermal delivery and enhance solubility.
Methods
Cannabidiol (CBD, log P = 5.91) served as the model drug. A CBD nanosuspension (CBD-NS) was prepared using a bottom-up method. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and concentration of the CBD-NS were characterized. Subsequently, CBD-NS was incorporated into dissolving microneedles (DMNs) through a one-step manufacturing process. The intradermal dissolution abilities, physicochemical properties, mechanical strength, insertion depth, and release behavior of the DMNs were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were utilized to assess the efficacy of the DMN patch in treating knee synovitis and to analyze its skin permeation kinetics and pharmacokinetic performance.
Results
The CBD-NS, stabilized with Tween 80, exhibited a particle size of 166.83 ± 3.33 nm, a PDI of 0.21 ± 0.07, and a concentration of 46.11 ± 0.52 mg/mL. The DMN loaded with CBD-NS demonstrated favorable intradermal dissolution and mechanical properties. It effectively increased the delivery of CBD into the skin, extended the action’s duration in vivo, and enhanced bioavailability. CBD-NS DMN exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy and safety in a rat model of knee synovitis, significantly inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1β compared with the methotrexate subcutaneous injection method.
Conclusion
NS technology effectively enhances the solubility of the poorly soluble drug CBD, while DMN facilitates penetration, extends the duration of action in vivo, and improves bioavailability. Furthermore, CBD has shown promising therapeutic outcomes in treating knee synovitis. This innovative drug delivery system is expected to offer a more efficient solution for the administration of highly lipophilic drugs akin to CBD, thereby facilitating high-dose administration.
Graphical Abstract
Abbreviations
TDDS, transdermal drug delivery system; DMN, dissolving microneedle; NS, nanosuspensions; PDI, polydispersity index; SD, Sprague-Dawley; SC, stratum corneum; MNs, microneedles; NCs, nanocrystals; CBD, cannabidiol; Tween 80, polysorbate 80; P127, Pluronic® F-127; HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; HA, hyaluronic acid; ACN, acetonitrile; DI, deionized; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; XRD, powder x-ray diffraction; C6, coumarin 6; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope; EP, Eppendorf; S.D., standard deviation; 3D, three-dimensional.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (KFJ-STS-QYZD-182).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.