Measuring T-cell responses against LCV and CMV in cynomolgus macaques using ELISPOT: Potential application to non-clinical testing of immunomodulatory therapeutics

Abstract

A number of immunomodulatory therapeutics increase the risk of disease associated with latent herpesviruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the lymphocryptovirus (LCV) family that infects humans. The diseases associated with loss of immunity to these viruses can have major impacts on patients as well as on the commercial viability of the immunomodulatory therapeutics. In an effort to develop non-clinical methods for measuring effects on anti-viral immunity, we have developed an interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay to quantify the number of CMV or LCV-reactive T-cells in peripheral blood of cynomolgus macaques. After optimization of various parameters, the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay was characterized for specificity, intra-assay, monkey-to-monkey, and longitudinal variability and sensitivity to immunosuppression. The results show that nearly all animals have detectable responses against both CMV and LCV and responses were derived from T-cells specific to the virus of interest. Analyses of variability show assay reproducibility (≤23% CV), and that variability over time in anti-viral responses in individual animals (larger for LCV than for CMV) was ∼2-fold in most animals over a 3-month time period, which is predicted to allow for detection of drug-induced changes when using group sizes typical of non-clinical studies. In addition, the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay was capable of detecting decreases in the numbers of CMV and LCV reactive T-cells induced by immunosuppressive drugs in vitro. This assay may allow for non-clinical assessment of the effects of immunomodulatory therapeutics on anti-viral T-cell immunity in monkeys, and may help determine if therapeutics increase the risk of reactivating latent viral infections.

• Cynomolgus
• cytomegalovirus
• ELISPOT
• herpesvirus
• immunotoxicity
• lymphocryptovirus
• NHP
• non-clinical
• non-human primate
• T-cell
• virus

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Angela Carville and Keith Mansfield at the New England Primate Research Center for providing PBMC from CMV/LCV positive and negative rhesus macaques for specificity controls, Donald Siess, Andrew Sylwester, and Louis Picker for providing CMV antigen, Ellen Evans for critical review of the manuscript, and Harshan Pisharath for helpful discussion.