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Original Articles

Acute Toxic Effects of Club Drugs

Pages 303-313 | Published online: 07 Sep 2011

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (6)

Kevin O. St. Arnaud. (2023) Toward a positive psychology of psychoactive drug use. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 30:1, pages 81-94.
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Giovanna Ricci, Francesco Paolo Busardò, Filippo Gibelli, Ascanio Sirignano & Pietro Brunetti. (2021) Evaluating the risk of toxicity and adverse drug interactions involving recreational GHB use and prescribed drugs. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 17:12, pages 1445-1454.
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Gina Martin, Kate Vallance, Scott Macdonald, Tim Stockwell, Andrew Ivsins, Clifton Chow, Warren Michelow & Cameron Duff. (2014) Nonfatal overdose from alcohol and/or drugs among a sample of recreational drug users. Journal of Substance Use 19:3, pages 239-244.
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Wei-Hsi Chen, Chi Chui & Hsin-Ling Yin. (2012) The Antemortem Neurobehavior in Fatal Paramethoxymethamphetamine Usage. Substance Abuse 33:4, pages 366-372.
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Susan Y. Kim, Ilene B. Anderson, Jo Ellen Dyer, Judith C. Barker & Paul D. Blanc. (2007) High-Risk Behaviors and Hospitalizations Among Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33:3, pages 429-438.
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Lydia N. Drumright, Thomas L. Patterson & Steffanie A. Strathdee. (2006) Club Drugs as Causal Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review. Substance Use & Misuse 41:10-12, pages 1551-1601.
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Articles from other publishers (51)

Iman Bhia, Mitra Rahimi, Mohammad Poursalehian, Babak Mostafazadeh, Peyman Erfan Talab Evini & Shahin Shadnia. (2023) Ketamine overdose: A case series from a referral poison center in Iran. Psychiatry Research Case Reports 2:2, pages 100191.
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Alessandro Riccardi, Mario Guarino, Sossio Serra, Michele Spampinato, Simone Vanni, Dana Shiffer, Antonio Voza, Andrea Fabbri & Fabio De Iaco. (2023) Narrative Review: Low-Dose Ketamine for Pain Management. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12:9, pages 3256.
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Nicholas M. Zwolinski, Kaiwal S. Patel, Nalini Vadivelu, Gopal Kodumudi & Alan David Kaye. (2023) ERAS Protocol Options for Perioperative Pain Management of Substance Use Disorder in the Ambulatory Surgical Setting. Current Pain and Headache Reports 27:5, pages 65-79.
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Luis Henríquez-Hernández, Jaime Rojas-Hernández, Domingo Quintana-Hernández & Lucas Borkel. (2023) Hofmann vs. Paracelsus: Do Psychedelics Defy the Basics of Toxicology?—A Systematic Review of the Main Ergolamines, Simple Tryptamines, and Phenylethylamines. Toxics 11:2, pages 148.
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Vyacheslav Kushakov, Vira Dvoriak, Olga Morozova, Lyu Azbel & Galyna Sergienko. (2022) Psychoactive substance use and drug checking practices among participants at electronic dance music events in Ukraine. Drugs, Habits and Social Policy 23:3, pages 244-257.
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Patrycja Kleczkowska & Malgorzata Zaremba. 2022. Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors. Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors.
Annie M. McCartney, Hugh T McGovern & Alexander De Foe. (2022) Psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Recent work and clinical directions. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 6:1, pages 10-22.
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Raquel Bennett, Christian Yavorsky & Gary Bravo. (2022) Ketamine for Bipolar Depression: Biochemical, Psychotherapeutic, and Psychedelic Approaches. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13.
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Beatrice Mainoli, Nilza Gonçalves, Joaquim J. Ferreira & Bruno Mégarbane. (2021) Potential drug‐drug interactions in acute poisonings managed in the intensive care unit: Occurrence, risk factors and relationship to patient severity on admission. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 130:2, pages 337-345.
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Yanning Li, Zhibin Dong, Gehua Wen, Xinghua Ren, Weishu Ren, Lei Yan, Xiaolong Wang, Hao Yu, Xue Wu, Xi Xia, Yan Lu & Xu Wu. (2021) Long‐term ketamine administration induces bladder damage and upregulates autophagy‐associated proteins in bladder smooth muscle tissue. Environmental Toxicology 36:12, pages 2521-2529.
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Mateusz Kowalczyk, Edward Kowalczyk, Paweł Kwiatkowski, Łukasz Łopusiewicz, Monika Sienkiewicz & Monika Talarowska. (2021) Ketamine—New Possibilities in the Treatment of Depression: A Narrative Review. Life 11:11, pages 1186.
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Ramadhan ORUCH, Ian F. PRYME, Ole B. FASMER & Anders LUND. (2021) Ketamine: use in psychiatry, its pharmacology and treatment following intoxication. Minerva Psychiatry 62:3.
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Alan K. Davis, Frederick S. Barrett, Darrick G. May, Mary P. Cosimano, Nathan D. Sepeda, Matthew W. Johnson, Patrick H. Finan & Roland R. Griffiths. (2021) Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 78:5, pages 481.
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G. F. Brum, H. Z. Rosa, D. R. Rossato, J. L. O. Rosa, V. G. Metz, L. H. Milanesi & M. E. Burger. (2020) Binge and Subchronic Exposure to Ketamine Promote Memory Impairments and Damages in the Hippocampus and Peripheral Tissues in Rats: Gallic Acid Protective Effects. Neurotoxicity Research 38:2, pages 274-286.
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Fan Chen, Yi Ye, Xinhua Dai, Yuzi Zheng, Shiyong Fang & Linchuan Liao. (2020) Metabolic effects of repeated ketamine administration in the rat brain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 522:3, pages 592-598.
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Qing Li, Hui-ran Wu, Shu-juan Fan, De-xiang Liu, Hong Jiang, Qian Zhang & Fang Pan. (2019) The effects of sub-anesthetic ketamine plus ethanol on behaviors and apoptosis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adolescent rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 184, pages 172742.
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Matthew D. Krasowski. 2019. Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing. Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing 225 236 .
Roberta Monteiro Incrocci, Franciely Paliarin & Manoel Jorge Nobre. (2018) Prelimbic NMDA receptors stimulation mimics the attenuating effects of clozapine on the auditory electrophysiological rebound induced by ketamine withdrawal. NeuroToxicology 69, pages 1-10.
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Karyn Bischoff. 2018. Veterinary Toxicology. Veterinary Toxicology 385 408 .
Zurina Hassan, Oliver G. Bosch, Darshan Singh, Suresh Narayanan, B. Vicknasingam Kasinather, Erich Seifritz, Johannes Kornhuber, Boris B. Quednow & Christian P. Müller. (2017) Novel Psychoactive Substances—Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs. Frontiers in Psychiatry 8.
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Yu Liu, Deyong Lin, Boliang Wu & Wenhua Zhou. (2016) Ketamine abuse potential and use disorder. Brain Research Bulletin 126, pages 68-73.
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Chau-kiu Cheung & Steven Sek-yum Ngai. (2014) Encouraging the Disuse of Illicit Drugs Among At-Risk Youth. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60:6, pages 640-656.
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Joseph J. Palamar, Marybec Griffin-Tomas & Danielle C. Ompad. (2015) Illicit drug use among rave attendees in a nationally representative sample of US high school seniors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 152, pages 24-31.
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Gyula Bokor & Peter D. Anderson. (2014) Ketamine. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 27:6, pages 582-586.
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Zhou Lü, Xiandun Zhai, Haimei Zhou, Pu Li, Jinqi Ma, Ling Guan & Yaonan Mo. (2014) Effects of Ketamine on the Development of forensically important Blowfly Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and its Forensic Relevance . Journal of Forensic Sciences 59:4, pages 991-996.
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Lin Sun, Qi Li, Qing Li, Yuzhe Zhang, Dexiang Liu, Hong Jiang, Fang Pan & David T. Yew. (2012) Chronic ketamine exposure induces permanent impairment of brain functions in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys. Addiction Biology 19:2, pages 185-194.
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M. E. Sutter, J. Chenoweth & T. E. Albertson. (2013) Alternative Drugs of Abuse. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 46:1, pages 3-18.
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Patricia Graciela Schneider & Georgina Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz. (2013) Ketamine prevents seizures and reverses changes in muscarinic receptor induced by bicuculline in rats. Neurochemistry International 62:3, pages 258-264.
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Kevin Woodward & Kevin WoodwardK. N. Woodward. 2012. Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans. Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans 117 149 .
Naren Gunja. (2011) Teenage toxins: Recreational poisoning in the adolescent. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 48:7, pages 560-566.
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Celia J. A. Morgan & H. Valerie Curran. (2011) Ketamine use: a review. Addiction 107:1, pages 27-38.
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Karyn Bischoff. 2012. Veterinary Toxicology. Veterinary Toxicology 469 489 .
L Sun, WP Lam, YW Wong, LH Lam, HC Tang, MS Wai, YT Mak, F Pan & DT Yew. (2010) Permanent deficits in brain functions caused by long-term ketamine treatment in mice. Human & Experimental Toxicology 30:9, pages 1287-1296.
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A.W. Jones, F.C. Kugelberg, A. Holmgren & J. Ahlner. (2011) Drug poisoning deaths in Sweden show a predominance of ethanol in mono-intoxications, adverse drug–alcohol interactions and poly-drug use. Forensic Science International 206:1-3, pages 43-51.
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Deborah L. Zvosec, Stephen W. Smith, Trinka Porrata, A. Quinn Strobl & Jo Ellen Dyer. (2011) Case series of 226 γ-hydroxybutyrate–associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 29:3, pages 319-332.
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L.Y. Yeung, Maria S.M. Wai, Ming Fan, Y.T. Mak, W.P. Lam, Zhen Li, Gang Lu & David T. Yew. (2010) Hyperphosphorylated tau in the brains of mice and monkeys with long-term administration of ketamine. Toxicology Letters 193:2, pages 189-193.
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Ying T. Mak, Wai P. Lam, Lanhai Lü, Yeuk W. Wong & David T. Yew. (2009) The toxic effect of ketamine on SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line and human neuron. Microscopy Research and Technique 73:3, pages 195-201.
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Leon Gussow & Andrea Carlson. 2010. Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice. Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice 2071 2079 .
Laurent Karila, Johanne Novarin, Bruno Megarbane, Olivier Cottencin, Sylvain Dally, William Lowenstein & Michel Reynaud. (2009) Acide gamma-hydroxy-butyrique (GHB) : plus qu’un agent de soumission chimique, une véritable source d’addiction. La Presse Médicale 38:10, pages 1526-1538.
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Sharlene Kaye, Shane Darke & Johan Duflou. (2009) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-related fatalities in Australia: Demographics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 104:3, pages 254-261.
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Gail Winger, Chad M. Galuska & Steven R. Hursh. (2007) Modification of ethanol’s reinforcing effectiveness in rhesus monkeys by cocaine, flunitrazepam, or gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Psychopharmacology 193:4, pages 587-598.
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Robert S. Gable. (2006) Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction 102:1, pages 24-34.
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Karyn Bischoff. 2007. Veterinary Toxicology. Veterinary Toxicology 391 410 .
Tamaki Hayase, Yoshiko Yamamoto & Keiichi Yamamoto. (2006) Behavioral effects of ketamine and toxic interactions with psychostimulants. BMC Neuroscience 7:1.
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Jeffrey T. Parsons, Brian C. Kelly & Brooke E. Wells. (2006) Differences in club drug use between heterosexual and lesbian/bisexual females. Addictive Behaviors 31:12, pages 2344-2349.
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MERRILL SINGER, HASSAN SALAHEEN, GREG MIRHEJ & CLAUDIA SANTELICE. (2008) Bridging the Divide: Drinking among Street Drug Users. American Anthropologist 108:3, pages 502-506.
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Jørgen G. Bramness, Svetlana Skurtveit & Jørg Mørland. (2006) Flunitrazepam: Psychomotor impairment, agitation and paradoxical reactions. Forensic Science International 159:2-3, pages 83-91.
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Polák Robert. (2006) Is ecstasy a dangerous drug?. Kontakt 8:1, pages 149-153.
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Kim Wolff & Adam R Winstock. (2006) Ketamine. CNS Drugs 20:3, pages 199-218.
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Jan Copeland & Paul Dillon. (2005) The health and psycho-social consequences of ketamine use. International Journal of Drug Policy 16:2, pages 122-131.
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Francisca Charliane Carlos Da Silva, Rodrigo Tavares Dantas, Maria d do Carmo de Oliveira Citó, Silvânia Maria Mendes De Vasconcelos, Marta Maria de França Fonteles, Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana & Francisca Cléa Florenço De Sousa. (2001) Ketamina, da anestesia ao uso abusivo. Revista Neurociências 18:2, pages 227-237.
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