1,096
Views
97
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Botulism Diagnostics: From Clinical Symptoms to in vitro Assays

, &
Pages 109-125 | Received 02 Jan 2007, Accepted 14 Mar 2007, Published online: 11 Oct 2008

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (5)

Alexander M. Rawson, Andrew W. Dempster, Christopher M. Humphreys & Nigel P. Minton. (2023) Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum. Virulence 14:1.
Read now
Luca Antonucci, Cristian Locci, Livia Schettini, Maria Grazia Clemente & Roberto Antonucci. (2021) Infant botulism: an underestimated threat. Infectious Diseases 53:9, pages 647-660.
Read now
Concetta Scalfaro, Bruna Auricchio, Dario De Medici & Fabrizio Anniballi. (2019) Foodborne botulism: an evolving public health challenge. Infectious Diseases 51:2, pages 97-101.
Read now
Ajay K. Singh, Larry H. Stanker & Shashi K. Sharma. (2013) Botulinum neurotoxin: Where are we with detection technologies?. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 39:1, pages 43-56.
Read now
Jiu-Cong Zhang, Li Sun & Qing-He Nie. (2010) Botulism, where are we now?. Clinical Toxicology 48:9, pages 867-879.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (92)

Izhar Ron, Ie Mei Bhattacharyya, Soumadri Samanta, Vinay Shankar Tiwari, Doron Greental, Ruth Shima-Edelstein, Evgeny Pikhay, Yakov Roizin, Barak Akabayov & Gil Shalev. (2023) Label-free and specific detection of active Botulinum neurotoxin in 0.5 μL drops with the meta-nano-channel field-effect biosensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 393, pages 134171.
Crossref
Francisco A. Uzal, Mauricio A. Navarro, Javier Asin & Eileen E. Henderson. (2022) Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review. Vaccines 10:2, pages 318.
Crossref
Ariana Mostafa, Anurup Ganguli, Jacob Berger, Archith Rayabharam, Carlos Saavedra, Narayana R. Aluru & Rashid Bashir. (2021) Culture‐free biphasic approach for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from beef samples . Biotechnology and Bioengineering 118:11, pages 4516-4529.
Crossref
Shuowei Cai, Raj Kumar & Bal Ram Singh. (2021) Clostridial Neurotoxins: Structure, Function and Implications to Other Bacterial Toxins. Microorganisms 9:11, pages 2206.
Crossref
Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Gregory B. Stevens & Thomas van Oordt. (2021) Botulinum Neurotoxin: Advances in Diagnostics and Healthcare Applications. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 9, pages 562-565.
Crossref
Maren Schenke, Hélène-Christine Prause, Wiebke Bergforth, Adina Przykopanski, Andreas Rummel, Frank Klawonn & Bettina Seeger. (2021) Human-Relevant Sensitivity of iPSC-Derived Human Motor Neurons to BoNT/A1 and B1. Toxins 13:8, pages 585.
Crossref
Jane E. Sykes & Jamie M. Burkitt Creedon. 2021. Greene's Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. Greene's Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat 893 904 .
Christine Rasetti-Escargueil, Emmanuel Lemichez & Michel R. Popoff. (2020) Toxemia in Human Naturally Acquired Botulism. Toxins 12:11, pages 716.
Crossref
Sarah Azinheiro, Krishna Kant, Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi, Alejandro Garrido-Maestu, Marta Prado & Lorena Dieguez. (2020) A smart microfluidic platform for rapid multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogens. Food Control 114, pages 107242.
Crossref
Mahesh Raj Nepal & Tae Cheon Jeong. (2020) Alternative Methods for Testing Botulinum Toxin: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules & Therapeutics 28:4, pages 302-310.
Crossref
Sharma Arti & Ponmariappan S. (2020) Development of ELISA based detection system against C. botulinum type B. International Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Biochemical Technology 3:1, pages 017-020.
Crossref
Orlando Cenciarelli, Paul William Riley & Agoritsa Baka. (2019) Biosecurity Threat Posed by Botulinum Toxin. Toxins 11:12, pages 681.
Crossref
Robert J. Hobbs, Carol A. Thomas, Jennifer Halliwell & Christopher D. Gwenin. (2019) Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins—A Review. Toxins 11:7, pages 418.
Crossref
Jasmina Vidic, Priya Vizzini, Marisa Manzano, Devon Kavanaugh, Nalini Ramarao, Milica Zivkovic, Vasa Radonic, Nikola Knezevic, Ioanna Giouroudi & Ivana Gadjanski. (2019) Point-of-Need DNA Testing for Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Sensors 19:5, pages 1100.
Crossref
Kruti B. Patel, Shuowei Cai, Michael Adler, Brajendra K. Singh, Virinder S. Parmar & Bal Ram Singh. (2018) Natural Compounds and Their Analogues as Potent Antidotes against the Most Poisonous Bacterial Toxin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84:24.
Crossref
Peng Lin, Dan Liu, Weiwei Wei, Jiubiao Guo, Shanming Ke, Xierong Zeng & Sheng Chen. (2018) A novel protein binding strategy for energy-transfer-based photoelectrochemical detection of enzymatic activity of botulinum neurotoxin A. Electrochemistry Communications 97, pages 114-118.
Crossref
Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, Eric Johnson, Segaran Pillai, David Hodge, Larry Stanker, Travis Wentz, BalRam Singh, Kodumudi Venkateswaran, Patrick McNutt, Michael Adler, Eric Brown, Thomas Hammack, Donald Burr & Shashi Sharma. (2018) Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection Methods for Public Health Response and Surveillance. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 6.
Crossref
Miloslava Duracova, Jana Klimentova, Alena Fucikova & Jiri Dresler. (2018) Proteomic Methods of Detection and Quantification of Protein Toxins. Toxins 10:3, pages 99.
Crossref
Amram Torgeman, Eran Diamant, Lilach Levin, Alon Ben David, Eyal Epstein, Meni Girshengorn, Ohad Mazor, Ronit Rosenfeld & Ran Zichel. (2017) An in vitro cell-based potency assay for pharmaceutical type A botulinum antitoxins. Vaccine 35:52, pages 7213-7216.
Crossref
Osnat Rosen, Liron Feldberg, Tamar Shamai Yamin, Eyal Dor, Ada Barnea, Avi Weissberg & Ran Zichel. (2017) Development of a multiplex Endopep-MS assay for simultaneous detection of botulinum toxins A, B and E. Scientific Reports 7:1.
Crossref
Yun Wang, H. Christopher Fry, Guy E. Skinner, Kristin M. Schill & Timothy V. Duncan. (2017) Detection and Quantification of Biologically Active Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes A and B Using a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Quantum Dot Nanobiosensor. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9:37, pages 31446-31457.
Crossref
Kruti Patel, Shmuel Halevi, Paul Melman, John Schwartz, Shuowei Cai & Bal Singh. (2017) A Novel Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for the Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins. Biosensors 7:4, pages 32.
Crossref
Osnat Rosen, Liron Feldberg, Eyal Dor, Sigalit Gura & Ran Zichel. (2017) Optimization of SNAP-25-derived peptide substrate for improved detection of botulinum A in the Endopep-MS assay. Analytical Biochemistry 528, pages 34-37.
Crossref
Shuo Ren, Hye-Soo Shin, Vinayakumar Gedi, Pooja Dua, Dong-Ki Lee & Soyoun Kim. (2017) Selection of DNA Aptamers Against Botulinum Neurotoxin E for Development of Fluorescent Aptasensor. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 38:3, pages 324-328.
Crossref
Tzuu-Wang Chang, Pavithra Janardhanan, Charlene M. Mello, Bal Ram Singh & Shuowei Cai. (2016) Selection of RNA Aptamers Against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain Through a Non-Radioactive Approach. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 180:1, pages 10-25.
Crossref
Lmar Babrak, Alice Lin, Larry Stanker, Jeffery McGarvey & Robert Hnasko. (2016) Rapid Microfluidic Assay for the Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Animal Sera. Toxins 8:1, pages 13.
Crossref
Christian Sandrock. 2016. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine 699 712.e2 .
A. Harris. 2016. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Encyclopedia of Food and Health 141 145 .
Luisa Cheng, Thomas Henderson, Tina Lam & Larry Stanker. (2015) Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Sensitive Detection and Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins 7:12, pages 5068-5078.
Crossref
Joonseok Lee, Melissa B. Brennan, Rosemarie Wilton, Clare E. Rowland, Elena A. Rozhkova, Sara Forrester, Daniel C. Hannah, Julia Carlson, Elena V. Shevchenko, Daniel S. Schabacker & Richard D. Schaller. (2015) Fast, Ratiometric FRET from Quantum Dot Conjugated Stabilized Single Chain Variable Fragments for Quantitative Botulinum Neurotoxin Sensing. Nano Letters 15:10, pages 7161-7167.
Crossref
Susan E. Maslanka, Haim M. Solomon, Shashi Sharma & Eric A. Johnson. 2015. Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods.
Jingyu Shi, Jiubiao Guo, Gongxun Bai, Chunyu Chan, Xuan Liu, Weiwei Ye, Jianhua Hao, Sheng Chen & Mo Yang. (2015) A graphene oxide based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) enzymatic activity. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 65, pages 238-244.
Crossref
Osnat Rosen, Liron Feldberg, Sigalit Gura & Ran Zichel. (2015) A new peptide substrate for enhanced botulinum neurotoxin type B detection by endopeptidase?liquid chromatography?tandem mass spectrometry/multiple reaction monitoring assay. Analytical Biochemistry 473, pages 7-10.
Crossref
Xiudong Wu, Chensha Li, Guangyun Lin, Xuezhen Huang, William H. Tepp, Eric A. Johnson & Hongrui Jiang. (2015) Microfluidic Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Utilizing Polyacrylamide Hydrogels With SNAP-25 Peptide Crosslinker. IEEE Sensors Journal 15:2, pages 1091-1097.
Crossref
Chung-Yan Koh, Ulrich Y. Schaff, Matthew E. Piccini, Larry H. Stanker, Luisa W. Cheng, Easwaran Ravichandran, Bal-Ram Singh, Greg J. Sommer & Anup K. Singh. (2015) Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of Botulinum Toxin. Analytical Chemistry 87:2, pages 922-928.
Crossref
Yong Wang, Vedrana Montana, Vladimir Grubišić, Randy F. StoutJr.Jr., Vladimir Parpura & Li-Qun Gu. (2014) Nanopore Sensing of Botulinum Toxin Type B by Discriminating an Enzymatically Cleaved Peptide from a Synaptic Protein Synaptobrevin 2 Derivative. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7:1, pages 184-192.
Crossref
Ernesto Abel-Santos. 2015. Molecular Medical Microbiology. Molecular Medical Microbiology 163 178 .
Roshan Kukreja & Bal Ram Singh. 2015. Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism. Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism 469 504 .
Dongxia Wang, Jakub Baudys, Joan Krilich, Theresa J. Smith, John R. Barr & Suzanne R. Kalb. (2014) A Two-Stage Multiplex Method for Quantitative Analysis of Botulinum Neurotoxins Type A, B, E, and F by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 86:21, pages 10847-10854.
Crossref
Rhiannon L. Kamstra, Saedeh Dadgar, John Wigg, Morshed A. Chowdhury, Christopher P. Phenix & Wely B. Floriano. (2014) Creating and virtually screening databases of fluorescently-labelled compounds for the discovery of target-specific molecular probes. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 28:11, pages 1129-1142.
Crossref
Sen Luo, Tao Li, Qin Wang, Renmao Tian, Hao Liu, Huali Fang, Fanghong Chen & Hui Wang. (2014) Development of a fusion protein SNVP as substrate for assaying multi-serotype botulinum neurotoxins. Analytical Biochemistry 463, pages 75-81.
Crossref
Andreja Rajkovic. (2014) Microbial toxins and low level of foodborne exposure. Trends in Food Science & Technology 38:2, pages 149-157.
Crossref
Osnat Rosen, Liron Feldberg, Sigalit Gura & Ran Zichel. (2014) Improved detection of botulinum type E by rational design of a new peptide substrate for endopeptidase–mass spectrometry assay. Analytical Biochemistry 456, pages 50-52.
Crossref
Xiaohu Liu, Yi Wang, Peng Chen, Yusong Wang, Jinling Zhang, Daniel Aili & Bo Liedberg. (2014) Biofunctionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric Sensing of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Light Chain. Analytical Chemistry 86:5, pages 2345-2352.
Crossref
Jane E. Sykes. 2014. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases 520 530 .
Roshan Kukreja & Bal Ram Singh. 2013. Toxinology. Toxinology 1 33 .
Miia Lindström, Riikka Keto-Timonen & Hannu Korkeala. 2014. Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin. Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin 229 258 .
Regina C. M. Whitemarsh, William H. Tepp, Marite Bradshaw, Guangyun Lin, Christina L. Pier, Jacob M. Scherf, Eric A. Johnson & Sabine Pellett. (2013) Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Subtypes 1 Through 5 by Investigation of Activities in Mice, in Neuronal Cell Cultures, and In Vitro . Infection and Immunity 81:10, pages 3894-3902.
Crossref
Cédric Woudstra, Annica Tevell Åberg, Hanna Skarin, Fabrizio Anniballi, Dario De Medici, Luca Bano, Miriam Koene, Charlotta Löfström, Trine Hansen, Mikael Hedeland & Patrick Fach. (2013) Animal Botulism Outcomes in the AniBioThreat Project. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 11:S1, pages S177-S182.
Crossref
Annica Tevell ÅbergKristian BjörnstadMikael Hedeland. (2013) Mass Spectrometric Detection of Protein-Based Toxins. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 11:S1, pages S215-S226.
Crossref
Anne-Marie Bryant, Shuowei Cai & Bal Ram Singh. (2013) Comparative immunochemical characteristics of botulinum neurotoxin type A and its associated proteins. Toxicon 72, pages 126-132.
Crossref
Won S. Hong, Edmond W. K. Young, William H. Tepp, Eric A. Johnson & David J. Beebe. (2013) A Microscale Neuron and Schwann Cell Coculture Model for Increasing Detection Sensitivity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A. Toxicological Sciences 134:1, pages 64-72.
Crossref
Kaoru Umeda, Takayuki Wada, Tomoko Kohda & Shunji Kozaki. (2013) Multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis for Clostridium botulinum type B isolates in Japan: Comparison with other isolates and genotyping methods. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 16, pages 298-304.
Crossref
H. Böhnel & F. Gessler. (2013) Presence of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin in milk and udder tissue of dairy cows with suspected botulism . Veterinary Record 172:15, pages 397-397.
Crossref
Thomas van Oordt, Gregory B. Stevens, Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Roland Zengerle & Felix von Stetten. (2013) Rapid and highly sensitive luciferase reporter assay for the automated detection of botulinum toxin in the centrifugal microfluidic LabDisk platform. RSC Advances 3:44, pages 22046.
Crossref
G. B. Stevens, D. A. Silver, A. Zgaga-Griesz, W. G. Bessler, S. K. Vashist, P. Patel, K. Achazi, J. Strotmeier, S. Worbs, M. B. Dorner, B. G. Dorner, D. Pauly, A. Rummel, G. A. Urban & M. Krueger. (2013) Bioluminescence assay for the highly sensitive detection of botulinum neurotoxin A activity. The Analyst 138:20, pages 6154.
Crossref
Dongxia Wang, Jakub Baudys, Yiming Ye, Jon C. Rees, John R. Barr, James L. Pirkle & Suzanne R. Kalb. (2013) Improved detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A by Endopep–MS through peptide substrate modification. Analytical Biochemistry 432:2, pages 115-123.
Crossref
Jean Mukherjee, Chase McCann, Kwasi Ofori, Julia Hill, Karen Baldwin, Charles Shoemaker, Peter Harrison & Saul Tzipori. (2012) Sheep Monoclonal Antibodies Prevent Systemic Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin A1. Toxins 4:12, pages 1565-1581.
Crossref
Christelle Mazuet, Eric Ezan, Hervé Volland, Michel Robert Popoff & François Becher. (2012) Toxin Detection in Patients' Sera by Mass Spectrometry during Two Outbreaks of Type A Botulism in France. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 50:12, pages 4091-4094.
Crossref
F. Mark Dunning, Daniel R. Ruge, Timothy M. Piazza, Larry H. Stanker, Füsûn N. Zeytin & Ward C. Tucker. (2012) Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A, B, and F Proteolytic Activity in Complex Matrices with Picomolar to Femtomolar Sensitivity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78:21, pages 7687-7697.
Crossref
Brian H. Raphael, Matthew Lautenschlager, Amy Kahler, Suresh Pai, Bryan A. Parks, Suzanne R. Kalb, Susan E. Maslanka, Sanjiv Shah, Matthew Magnuson & Vincent R. Hill. (2012) Ultrafiltration improves ELISA and Endopep MS analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type A in drinking water. Journal of Microbiological Methods 90:3, pages 267-272.
Crossref
Aleksija Neimanis & Stephanie Speck. 2012. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe 417 427 .
Peiwu Li, Zhaowei Zhang, Qi Zhang, Ning Zhang, Wen Zhang, Xiaoxia Ding & Ran Li. (2012) Current development of microfluidic immunosensing approaches for mycotoxin detection via capillary electromigration and lateral flow technology. ELECTROPHORESIS 33:15, pages 2253-2265.
Crossref
Andreja Rajkovic, Benaissa El Moualij, Youssef Fikri, Katelijne Dierick, Willy Zorzi, Ernst Heinen, Ahu Uner & Mieke Uyttendaele. (2011) Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A and B in milk by ELISA and immuno-PCR at higher sensitivity than mouse bio-assay. Food Analytical Methods 5:3, pages 319-326.
Crossref
Cedric Woudstra, Hanna Skarin, Fabrizio Anniballi, Lucia Fenicia, Luca Bano, Ilenia Drigo, Miriam Koene, Marie-Hélène Bäyon-Auboyer, Jean-Philippe Buffereau, Dario De Medici & Patrick Fach. (2012) Neurotoxin Gene Profiling of Clostridium botulinum Types C and D Native to Different Countries within Europe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78:9, pages 3120-3127.
Crossref
Kaoru Umeda, Yoshiyuki Seto, Tomoko Kohda, Masafumi Mukamoto & Shunji Kozaki. (2012) Stability of toxigenicity in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B upon serial passage . Microbiology and Immunology 56:5, pages 338-341.
Crossref
Regina C. M. Whitemarsh, Monica J. Strathman, Lucas G. Chase, Casey Stankewicz, William H. Tepp, Eric A. Johnson & Sabine Pellett. (2012) Novel Application of Human Neurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Highly Sensitive Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection. Toxicological Sciences 126:2, pages 426-435.
Crossref
Bryan A. Parks, Jeffry D. Shearer, Jakub Baudys, Suzanne R. Kalb, Daniel C. Sanford, James L. Pirkle & John R. Barr. (2011) Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes A and B from Serum Using Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 83:23, pages 9047-9053.
Crossref
Semih OtlesTõnu Püssa. 2011. Methods of Analysis of Food Components and Additives, Second Edition. Methods of Analysis of Food Components and Additives, Second Edition 473 514 .
Timothy M. Piazza, David S. Blehert, F. Mark Dunning, Brenda M. Berlowski-Zier, Füsûn N. Zeytin, Michael D. Samuel & Ward C. Tucker. (2011) In Vitro Detection and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Activity in Avian Blood . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77:21, pages 7815-7822.
Crossref
Mikael Hedeland, Hercules Moura, Viveca Båverud, Adrian R. Woolfitt, Ulf Bondesson & John R. Barr. (2011) Confirmation of botulism in birds and cattle by the mouse bioassay and Endopep-MS. Journal of Medical Microbiology 60:9, pages 1299-1305.
Crossref
Kim E. Sapsford, Jessica Granek, Jeffrey R. Deschamps, Kelly Boeneman, Juan Bautista Blanco-Canosa, Philip E. Dawson, Kimihiro Susumu, Michael H. Stewart & Igor L. Medintz. (2011) Monitoring Botulinum Neurotoxin A Activity with Peptide-Functionalized Quantum Dot Resonance Energy Transfer Sensors. ACS Nano 5:4, pages 2687-2699.
Crossref
Hercules Moura, Rebecca R. Terilli, Adrian R. Woolfitt, Maribel Gallegos-Candela, Lisa G. McWilliams, Maria I. Solano, James L. Pirkle & John R. Barr. (2011) Studies on botulinum neurotoxins type/C1 and mosaic/DC using Endopep-MS and proteomics. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 61:3, pages 288-300.
Crossref
Daniel R. Ruge, F. Mark Dunning, Timothy M. Piazza, Brian E. Molles, Michael Adler, Füsûn N. Zeytin & Ward C. Tucker. (2011) Detection of six serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin using fluorogenic reporters. Analytical Biochemistry 411:2, pages 200-209.
Crossref
Ramin Mollaaghababa Hakami, Gordon Ruthel, Andrea M. Stahl & Sina Bavari. (2010) Gaining ground: assays for therapeutics against botulinum neurotoxin. Trends in Microbiology 18:4, pages 164-172.
Crossref
Roshan V. Kukreja, Shashi K. Sharma & Bal Ram Singh. (2010) Molecular Basis of Activation of Endopeptidase Activity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E. Biochemistry 49:11, pages 2510-2519.
Crossref
H. Böhnel & F. Gessler. 2010. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals 189 202 .
Petr Čapek & Tobin Dickerson. (2010) Sensing the Deadliest Toxin: Technologies for Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection. Toxins 2:1, pages 24-53.
Crossref
Peter B. Lillehoj, Fang Wei & Chih-Ming Ho. (2010) A self-pumping lab-on-a-chip for rapid detection of botulinum toxin. Lab on a Chip 10:17, pages 2265.
Crossref
Christian Sandrock. 2010. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine 1636 1650 .
Luisa W. Cheng, Larry H. Stanker, Thomas D. HendersonIIII, Jianlong Lou & James D. Marks. (2009) Antibody Protection against Botulinum Neurotoxin Intoxication in Mice. Infection and Immunity 77:10, pages 4305-4313.
Crossref
Kaoru Umeda, Yoshiyuki Seto, Tomoko Kohda, Masafumi Mukamoto & Shunji Kozaki. (2009) Genetic Characterization of Clostridium botulinum Associated with Type B Infant Botulism in Japan . Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47:9, pages 2720-2728.
Crossref
Longyan Chen, Hongping Wei, Yongchao Guo, Zongqiang Cui, Zhiping Zhang & Xian-En Zhang. (2009) Gold nanoparticle enhanced immuno-PCR for ultrasensitive detection of Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein. Journal of Immunological Methods 346:1-2, pages 64-70.
Crossref
Steven Sun, Miguel Ossandon, Yordan Kostov & Avraham Rasooly. (2009) Lab-on-a-chip for botulinum neurotoxin a (BoNT-A) activity analysis. Lab on a Chip 9:22, pages 3275.
Crossref
M. Popoff, J.-P. Carlier & B. Poulain. (2009) Botulisme. EMC - Maladies infectieuses 6:1, pages 1-17.
Crossref
Peter J. Osterbauer. 2009. Clinical Neurotoxicology. Clinical Neurotoxicology 421 426 .
F.K. Bahrani-Mougeot, M.W. Scobey & P.J. Sansonetti. 2009. Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Encyclopedia of Microbiology 329 343 .
Elisa Michelini, Luca Cevenini, Laura Mezzanotte & Aldo Roda. 2008. Nano and Microsensors for Chemical and Biological Terrorism Surveillance. Nano and Microsensors for Chemical and Biological Terrorism Surveillance 166 176 .
Yun Jeong KimNa-Ri ShinJeong-Hee KimSo-Yeon YoonGi-eun RhieBong Su KimHee-Bok Oh. (2008) Development of Capture ELISA Using a Biotinylated Monoclonal Antibody for Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A. Journal of Bacteriology and Virology 38:3, pages 119.
Crossref
Yen-Chi Yeh, Kon-Ping Lin, Kuan-Lin Lai, Jen-Feng Liang & Kwong-Kum Liao. (2008) Serum False-Positive Botulism in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Scholarly Research Exchange 2008, pages 1-3.
Crossref
Elaine C. Jong. 2008. The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual. The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual 467 473 .
Susan E. Maslanka, Haim M. Solomon, Shashi Sharma & Eric A. Johnson. 2001. Compendium of Methods for The Microbiological Examination of Foods. Compendium of Methods for The Microbiological Examination of Foods.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.