Advanced search
Publication Cover
Clinical Toxicology Volume 44, 2006 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
463
Views
84
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Seizures Associated with Intoxication and Abuse of Tramadol

Vesna Jovanović-Čupić Institute on Addictions, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
, Ph.D. , M.D.,
Žarko Martinović Belgrade University Medical School, Serbia and Montenegro; Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
, Ph.D. , M.D. &
Nada Nešić Institute on Addictions, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
, M.D.
Pages 143-146 | Received 07 Sep 2004, Accepted 08 Jul 2005, Published online: 07 Oct 2008

Citations (84)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (10)

Wendy Cheng, Rex Pui Kin Lam & Chi Keung Chan. (2022) Factors associated with seizure in tramadol overdose: a 12-year retrospective study in Hong Kong. Clinical Toxicology 60:11, pages 1220-1226.
Read now
Hayam M. El-Gohari, Eman Fouad & Mohamed Abdelghani. (2022) Opioid use disorders related to tramadol among an Egyptian sample of male psychiatric patients: prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Journal of Substance Use 27:1, pages 50-55.
Read now
Mahedeh Samadi, Fatemeh Shaki, Behnaz Bameri, Marjan Fallah, Nematollah Ahangar & Hamidreza Mohammadi. (2021) Caffeine attenuates seizure and brain mitochondrial disruption induced by Tramadol: the role of adenosinergic pathway. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 44:6, pages 613-619.
Read now
Medhat M. Bassiony, Rehab S. Mahdy, Noha Haggag & Ghada Salah Eldeen. (2021) Current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nonmedical prescription opioid use attributed to tramadol among male adolescents without conduct disorder in Egypt. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 47:5, pages 623-629.
Read now
Mohsen Doostmohammadi & Hamid-Reza Rahimi. (2020) ADME and toxicity considerations for tramadol: from basic research to clinical implications. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 16:7, pages 627-640.
Read now
Samaneh Nakhaee, Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Jeffrey Brent, Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam, Mohsen Foadoddini, Khadijeh Farrokhfall, Mehran Hosseini, Mohammad Abdollahi & Omid Mehrpour. (2019) Tramadol and the occurrence of seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 49:8, pages 710-723.
Read now
Joseph V. Pergolizzi$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Jo Ann LeQuang, Robert Taylor$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Michael H. Ossipov, Daniel Colucci & Robert B. Raffa. (2018) Designing safer analgesics: a focus on μ-opioid receptor pathways. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 13:10, pages 965-972.
Read now
Camille Lagard, Isabelle Malissin, Wassila Indja, Patricia Risède, Lucie Chevillard & Bruno Mégarbane. (2018) Is naloxone the best antidote to reverse tramadol-induced neuro-respiratory toxicity in overdose? An experimental investigation in the rat. Clinical Toxicology 56:8, pages 737-743.
Read now
Nicole M. Ryan & Geoffrey K. Isbister. (2015) Tramadol overdose causes seizures and respiratory depression but serotonin toxicity appears unlikely. Clinical Toxicology 53:6, pages 545-550.
Read now
Ahmad Tashakori & Reza Afshari. (2010) Tramadol overdose as a cause of serotonin syndrome: a case series. Clinical Toxicology 48:4, pages 337-341.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (74)

Faiz Mohammed Kassim, Selamawit Alemayehu Tessema, Selamawit Darota Dojamo & Bethelhem Erkeno Wossoro. (2023) Seizure as a rare presentation of tramadol intoxication/withdrawal and fluoxetine as a potential anti-craving agent during tramadol abuse treatment. Psychiatry Research Case Reports 2:2, pages 100157.
Crossref
Ahmed Amin Ali, Mahmoud Mohamed Abdeshafy, Khaled Abdelkawy, Ramy M. Elsabaa & Fawzy Elbarbry. (2023) Clinical and Laboratory Factors Related to Seizure and Serotonin Toxicity in Tramadol Intoxication: An Egyptian Study. Clinical Drug Investigation 43:12, pages 963-971.
Crossref
Amir Hossein Behnoush, Nafiseh Alizadeh, Mahdi Emami, Elham Bazmi, Yousef Alimohamadi & Behnam Behnoush. (2023) Effects of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Administration in Acute Tramadol Poisoning: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Emergency Medicine.
Crossref
Aliasghar Manouchehri, Zahra Nekoukar, Abdollah Malakian & Zakaria Zakariaei. (2023) Tramadol poisoning and its management and complications: a scoping review. Annals of Medicine & Surgery 85:8, pages 3982-3989.
Crossref
Omar M.E. Abdel-Salam, Marawan Abd El Baset Mohamed Sayed, Enayat A. Omara & Amany A. Sleem. (2023) The Protection by Vitamin E Against Tramadol-Induced Proconvulsant Effects and Brain Damage in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats. Journal of Neurology and Epidemiology 8, pages 1-10.
Crossref
Shaimaa A. ElShebiney, Rania Elgohary, Sayed H. Kenawy, Gehan T. El-Bassyouni & Esmat M. A. Hamzawy. (2023) Zinc oxide calcium silicate composite attenuates acute tramadol toxicity in mice. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 24:1.
Crossref
Tania Perez Jimenez. 2023. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine 922 924 .
Camille Lagard, Dominique Vodovar, Lucie Chevillard, Jacques Callebert, Fabien Caillé, Géraldine Pottier, Hao Liang, Patricia Risède, Nicolas Tournier & Bruno Mégarbane. (2022) Investigation of the Mechanisms of Tramadol-Induced Seizures in Overdose in the Rat. Pharmaceuticals 15:10, pages 1254.
Crossref
Morgane Guillou Landreat, Antoine Dany, Gaelle Challet Bouju, Edouard-Jules Laforgue, J. Cholet, Juliette Leboucher, Jean Benoit Hardouin, Pierre Bodenez, Marie Grall-Bronnec, Morgane Guillou-Landreat, Bertrand Le Geay, Isabelle Martineau, Philippe Levassor, Paul Bolo, Jean-Yves Guillet, Xavier Guillery, Corine Dano, Caroline Victorri Vigneau & Marie Grall Bronnec. (2022) How do people who use drugs receiving Opioid Medication Therapy perceive their treatment ? A multicentre study. Harm Reduction Journal 19:1.
Crossref
Medhat M. Bassiony, Ghada M. Salah El‐Deen, Noha Ameen & Rehab S. Mahdy. (2021) Prevalence, correlates, and consequences of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinical sample of adults with tramadol use in Egypt. The American Journal on Addictions 31:1, pages 31-36.
Crossref
Samaneh Nakhaee, Christopher Hoyte, Richard C. Dart, Masoumeh Askari, Roland J. Lamarine & Omid Mehrpour. (2021) A review on tramadol toxicity: mechanism of action, clinical presentation, and treatment. Forensic Toxicology 39:2, pages 293-310.
Crossref
Samaneh Nakhaee, Khadijeh Farrokhfall, Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam, Mohsen Foadoddini, Masoumeh Askari, Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Jeffrey Brent, Bruno Megarbane & Omid Mehrpour. (2021) The effects of naloxone, diazepam, and quercetin on seizure and sedation in acute on chronic tramadol administration: an experimental study. Behavioral and Brain Functions 17:1.
Crossref
Ali T Alhashem, Khalid H AlSalem, Sarah J Sabihah & Dunya Alfaraj. (2021) Moyamoya Syndrome Presenting as Refractory Status Epilepticus in a 32-Year-Old Female. Cureus.
Crossref
Mohamed A. Abdelshakour, Ghada M. Hadad, Randa A. Abdel Salam, Dina M. Abo-ElMatty & Eman A. Abdel Hameed. (2021) HPLC and UPLC-MS/MS methods for analyzing TRAMADOL in 70 medicinal illegal products: Application to counterfeit study. Microchemical Journal 161, pages 105823.
Crossref
Morgane Guillou Landreat, Melia Baillot, Delphine Le Goff & Jean Yves Le Reste. (2021) Acute pain management among patients with opioid maintenance therapy: specificities and difficulties identified in primary care: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 11:1, pages e044433.
Crossref
Hanan H. Elrassas, Yasser A. Elsayed, Zeinab M. El Nagar, Mai S. Abdeen & Aya T. Mohamed. (2020) Cognitive impairment in patients diagnosed with tramadol dependence compared to healthy controls. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 36:1, pages 38-44.
Crossref
Prince Peprah, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Emmanuel Appiah-Brempong, Adjei Gyimah Akwasi & Anthony Kwame Morgan. (2020) “With tramadol, I ride like a Jaguar”: a qualitative study of motivations for non-medical purpose tramadol use among commercial vehicle operators in Kumasi, Ghana. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 15:1.
Crossref
Yasna Rostam‐Abadi, Jaleh Gholami, Masoumeh Amin‐Esmaeili, Anousheh Safarcherati, Ramin Mojtabai, Mohammad Reza Ghadirzadeh, Hosein Rahimi & Afarin Rahimi‐Movaghar. (2020) Tramadol use and public health consequences in Iran: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction 115:12, pages 2213-2242.
Crossref
Seong Yoon Bae & Se-Jin Lee. (2020) Negative myoclonus associated with tramadol use. Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine 37:4, pages 329-331.
Crossref
Reham Mohammed Shamloul, Nervana Mohammed Elfayomy, Ehab Ismael Ali, Ahmed Mohammed Mohammed Elmansy & Mohammad A. Farrag. (2020) Tramadol-associated seizures in Egypt: Epidemiological, clinical, and radiological study. NeuroToxicology 79, pages 122-126.
Crossref
Sahar Farhat, Tarek El Halabi, Achraf Makki, Samir F. Atweh, Wassim Nasreddine & Ahmad Beydoun. (2020) Coma With Absent Brainstem Reflexes and a Burst Suppression on EEG Secondary to Baclofen Toxicity. Frontiers in Neurology 11.
Crossref
Khadga Raj, Pooja Chawla & Shamsher Singh. (2020) Neurobehavioral Consequences Associated with Long Term Tramadol Utilization and Pathological Mechanisms. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 18:10, pages 758-768.
Crossref
Abdul‐Ganiyu Fuseini, Alhassan Afizu, Yakubu H. Yakubu & Gilbert Nachinab. (2019) Facilitators to the continuous abuse of tramadol among the youth: A qualitative study in Northern Ghana. Nursing Open 6:4, pages 1388-1398.
Crossref
Paria Habibollahi, Alireza Garjani, Samad Shams Vahdati, Seyyed-Reza Sadat-Ebrahimi & Neda Parnianfard. (2019) Severe complications of tramadol overdose in Iran. Epidemiology and Health 41, pages e2019026.
Crossref
Sohyun Jeong, Ha Jin Tchoe, Junqing Li & Ju-Young Shin. (2019) All-Cause Mortality Associated with Tramadol Use: A Case-Crossover Study. Drug Safety 42:6, pages 785-796.
Crossref
Muna Subedi, Shalini Bajaj, Maushmi S. Kumar & Mayur YC. (2019) An overview of tramadol and its usage in pain management and future perspective. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 111, pages 443-451.
Crossref
Christophe Maritaz, Francois Lemare, Agnes Laplanche, Sylvie Demirdjian, Dominique Valteau-Couanet & Christelle Dufour. (2018) High-dose thiotepa-related neurotoxicity and the role of tramadol in children. BMC Cancer 18:1.
Crossref
Sameer Hassamal, Karen Miotto, William Dale & Itai Danovitch. (2018) Tramadol: Understanding the Risk of Serotonin Syndrome and Seizures. The American Journal of Medicine 131:11, pages 1382.e1-1382.e6.
Crossref
Brian A. Baldo. (2018) Opioid analgesic drugs and serotonin toxicity (syndrome): mechanisms, animal models, and links to clinical effects. Archives of Toxicology 92:8, pages 2457-2473.
Crossref
Azadeh Memarian, Naimeh Farhidnia & Fardin Fallahi. (2018) Generalized Tonic Colonic Seizure Followed by Loss of Consciousness Early After Using Low Dose of Tramadol: A Case Report. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 8:3.
Crossref
Behnaz Bameri, Fatemeh Shaki, Nematollah Ahangar, Ramin Ataee, Mahedeh Samadi & Hamidreza Mohammadi. (2018) Evidence for the Involvement of the Dopaminergic System in Seizure and Oxidative Damage Induced by Tramadol. International Journal of Toxicology 37:2, pages 164-170.
Crossref
Seyed Kazem Taheri, Gholamali Dorooshi & Saeed Afzali. (2018) Respiratory Apnea in Patients with Acute Poisoning by Tramadol (Two Years Study). Iranian Jornal of Toxicology 12:2, pages 33-35.
Crossref
Leen Naji, Brittany Burns Dennis, Monica Bawor, Michael Varenbut, Jeff Daiter, Carolyn Plater, Guillaume Pare, David C. Marsh, Andrew Worster, Dipika Desai, James MacKillop, Lehana Thabane & Zainab Samaan. (2017) The association between age of onset of opioid use and comorbidity among opioid dependent patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 12:1.
Crossref
Nalini Vadivelu, Daniel Chang, Erik M. Helander, Gregory J. Bordelon, Alice Kai, Alan D. Kaye, Dora Hsu, Daniel Bang & Inderjeet Julka. (2017) Ketorolac, Oxymorphone, Tapentadol, and Tramadol. Anesthesiology Clinics 35:2, pages e1-e20.
Crossref
Monireh Habibi-Khorasani, Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour & Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri. (2017) Development of solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography for analysis of tramadol in brain tissue using its molecularly imprinted polymer. Biomedical Chromatography 31:2, pages e3787.
Crossref
Sahba Jalali, Dixon Thomas, Padma Shetty & Jason C. Cooper. (2017) Higher Regulatory Control of Tramadol to Prevent its Abuse and Dependence. Journal of Drug Policy Analysis 10:2.
Crossref
Karen MiottoArthur K. ChoMohamed A. KhalilKirsten BlancoJun D. SasakiRichard Rawson. (2017) Trends in Tramadol: Pharmacology, Metabolism, and Misuse. Anesthesia & Analgesia 124:1, pages 44-51.
Crossref
Martin O. Olsson, Agneta Öjehagen, Louise Brådvik, Robert Kronstrand & Anders Håkansson. (2017) High Rates of Tramadol Use among Treatment-Seeking Adolescents in Malmö, Sweden: A Study of Hair Analysis of Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use. Journal of Addiction 2017, pages 1-9.
Crossref
Fares Najari, Anahita Alizadeh-Ghamsari, Maryam Vahabzadeh, Bita Dadpour, Seyed Reza Mousavi & Ideh Baradaran Kayal. (2017) A Study of the Importance of Clonus Symptoms in Patients with Tramadol Poisoning. Journal of Toxicology 2017, pages 1-4.
Crossref
Peyman Hafezi Moghadam, Najmeh Zarei, Davood Farsi, Saeed Abbasi, Mani Mofidi, Mahdi Rezai & Babak Mahshidfar. (2016) Electrocardiographic changes in patients with tramadol-induced idiosyncratic seizures. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine 16:4, pages 151-154.
Crossref
Camille Lagard, Lucie Chevillard, Isabelle Malissin, Patricia Risède, Jacques Callebert, Laurence Labat, Jean-Marie Launay, Jean-Louis Laplanche & Bruno Mégarbane. (2016) Mechanisms of tramadol-related neurotoxicity in the rat: Does diazepam/tramadol combination play a worsening role in overdose?. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 310, pages 108-119.
Crossref
G. Schmitt & G. Skopp. (2016) Krampfanfall nach Fehlgebrauch von TramadolSeizure following misuse of tramadol. Rechtsmedizin 26:4, pages 299-302.
Crossref
Medhat M. Bassiony, Usama M. Youssif, Ramadan A. Hussein & Mervat Saeed. (2016) Psychiatric Comorbidity Among Egyptian Patients With Opioid Use Disorders Attributed to Tramadol. Journal of Addiction Medicine 10:4, pages 262-268.
Crossref
Ahmad Hany Khater, Mohamed H. Sobhy, Hatem G. Said, Ahmed Kandil, Walid Reda, Ahmed Fouad Seifeldin, Ramez Moustafa, Maher A. Elassal & Ezzat M. Kamel. (2016) Latarjet Procedure for Anterior Shoulder Instability Due to Tramadol-Induced Seizures. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 44:4, pages 957-962.
Crossref
Mina Maher Mikhail Rizk, Ahmed Mohamed Kamal, Mohamed Ayman Abdelhameed Bakheet, Nashaat Adel Mohamed Abdelfadeel, Enas Mahmoud Hassan & Amal Tawfik Mohamed Khafagi. (2016) Frequency and Factors Associated With Occurrence of Seizures in Patients With Tramadol Abuse. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 15:1, pages 42-48.
Crossref
Euan A. Sandilands & D Nicholas Bateman. (2016) Opioids. Medicine 44:3, pages 187-189.
Crossref
Steven Karch & Olaf Drummer. 2015. Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, Fifth Edition. Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, Fifth Edition 429 696 .
Dalia Enaba, Nevin M. Shalaby, Heba El-Baz, Amr Zahra, Nirmeen A. Kishk & Hamdy F. Moselhy. (2015) The Influence of A118G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of Human Mu Opioid Receptor Gene and the MDR1 Gene in Egyptian Patients With Tramadol-induced Seizure. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 14:2, pages 105-112.
Crossref
Michael D. Perloff. (2015) Practical Considerations in Opioid Use for Brain Neoplasm. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 21, pages 480-486.
Crossref
Amr M. Abdelhady & Maged M. AbouElsoud. (2014) Posterior capsular release and coracoid transfer for cases of neglected locked anterior shoulder dislocation in tramadol addicts. European Orthopaedics and Traumatology 6:1, pages 39-43.
Crossref
Yohei FujimotoTomoharu FunaoKoichi SuehiroRyota TakahashiTakashi MoriKiyonobu Nishikawa. (2015) Brain Serotonin Content Regulates the Manifestation of Tramadol-induced Seizures in Rats. Anesthesiology 122:1, pages 178-189.
Crossref
Geet Paul. 2015. Pain Management and Palliative Care. Pain Management and Palliative Care 45 48 .
Yenny Indrawirawan & Trudi McAlees. (2014) Tramadol toxicity in a cat: case report and literature review of serotonin syndrome. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 16:7, pages 572-578.
Crossref
Hossein Sanaei-Zadeh. (2013) Is prophylactic administration of the anticonvulsants necessary in tramadol-intoxicated patients after an initial seizure?. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 21:1.
Crossref
J. Dave Barry & Brandon K. Wills. (2013) Neurotoxic Emergencies. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 36:2, pages 219-244.
Crossref
Naresh Nebhinani, ShubhM Singh & Gourav Gupta. (2013) A patient with Tramadol dependence and predictable provoked epileptic seizures. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55:3, pages 293.
Crossref
Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hoorvash Farajidana, Saeedeh Sarjami & Hamid Owliaey. (2013) Tramadol-induced apnea. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 31:1, pages 26-31.
Crossref
Shahin Shadnia, Jeffrey Brent, Khatereh Mousavi‐Fatemi, Peyman Hafezi & Kambiz Soltaninejad. (2012) Recurrent Seizures in Tramadol Intoxication: Implications for Therapy Based on 100 Patients. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 111:2, pages 133-136.
Crossref
D. Nicholas Bateman. (2012) Opioids. Medicine 40:3, pages 141-143.
Crossref
LalitKumar Raiger, Udita Naithani, Sonali Bhatia & SandeepSingh Chauhan. (2012) Seizures after intravenous tramadol given as premedication. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 56:1, pages 55.
Crossref
Mario Andrés Leotau Rodríguez. (2011) Consideraciones acerca del tapentadol. Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología 39:4, pages 609.
Crossref
R. Afshari, R. Afshar & B. Mégarbane. (2011) Tramadol overdose: review of the literatureIntoxication au tramadol : mise au point. Réanimation 20:5, pages 436-441.
Crossref
Fakhreddin Taghaddosinejad, Omid Mehrpour, Reza Afshari, Alireza Seghatoleslami, Mohammad Abdollahi & Richard C. Dart. (2011) Factors Related to Seizure in Tramadol Poisoning and Its Blood Concentration. Journal of Medical Toxicology 7:3, pages 183-188.
Crossref
J. Dave Barry & Brandon K. Wills. (2011) Neurotoxic Emergencies. Neurologic Clinics 29:3, pages 539-563.
Crossref
J.M. Márquez-Romero, F. Zermeño-Pohls & E. Soto-Cabrera. (2010) Crisis epiléptica convulsiva relacionada con sobredosis de tramadol. Neurología 25:9, pages 583-585.
Crossref
Melissa A. Nestor, Melody Ryan & Aaron M. Cook. (2010) Catching the Seizure Culprit: Drugs on the Differential. Orthopedics 33:9, pages 679-682.
Crossref
J.M. Márquez-Romero, F. Zermeño-Pohls & E. Soto-Cabrera. (2010) Convulsive status epilepticus associated with a tramadol overdose. Neurología (English Edition) 25:9, pages 583-585.
Crossref
Haleh Talaie, Reyhaneh Panahandeh, Mohammad Reza Fayaznouri, Zahra Asadi & Mohammad Abdollahi. (2009) Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol. Journal of Medical Toxicology 5:2, pages 63-67.
Crossref
Brandon Wills, Brett J. Theeler & John P. Ney. 2009. Clinical Neurotoxicology. Clinical Neurotoxicology 131 150 .
Steven Karch. 2008. Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, Fourth Edition. Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, Fourth Edition 367 374 .
Warren A. Katz. (2008) Opioids for Nonmalignant Pain. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 34:2, pages 387-413.
Crossref
Philip M. Alapat & Janice L. Zimmerman. (2008) Toxicology in the Critical Care Unit. Chest 133:4, pages 1006-1013.
Crossref
A. Villa, F. Baud, B. Megarbane, F. Lapostolle, R. Garnier & C. Bismuth. (2007) Intoxications aiguës les plus fréquentes. EMC - Médecine d 'urgence 2:1, pages 1-31.
Crossref
A. Villa, F. Baud, B. Megarbane, F. Lapostolle, R. Garnier & C. Bismuth. (2007) Avvelenamenti acuti più frequenti. EMC - Urgenze 11:4, pages 1-30.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.