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Review

Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases

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Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Zeenat Hamid, Izhar Rather, Qurat Ul Ain Nazir, Riyaz Ahmed Bhat, Abrar Ul Haq, Suhail Nabi Magray, Zulfqar Haq, Ranjit Sah, Ruchi Tiwari, SenthilKumar Natesan, Muhammad Bilal, Harapan Harapan & Kuldeep Dhama. (2021) Immunotherapies and immunomodulatory approaches in clinical trials - a mini review. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 17:7, pages 1897-1909.
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Fei Pei, Xiangdong Guan & Jianfeng Wu. (2018) Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 18:sup1, pages 71-76.
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Claudia Stincardini, Giorgia Renga, Valeria Villella, Marilena Pariano, Vasilis Oikonomou, Monica Borghi, Marina M. Bellet, Luigi Sforna, Claudio Costantini, Allan L. Goldstein, Enrico Garaci & Luigina Romani. (2018) Cellular proteostasis: a new twist in the action of thymosin α1. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 18:sup1, pages 43-48.
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Na Yang, Lu Ke, Zhihui Tong & Weiqin Li. (2018) The effect of thymosin α1 for prevention of infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 18:sup1, pages 53-60.
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Claudia Matteucci, Ayele Argaw-Denboba, Emanuela Balestrieri, Alessandro Giovinazzo, Martino Miele, Cartesio D’Agostini, Francesca Pica, Sandro Grelli, Maurizio Paci, Antonio Mastino, Paola Sinibaldi Vallebona, Enrico Garaci & Carlo Tomino. (2018) Deciphering cellular biological processes to clinical application: a new perspective for Tα1 treatment targeting multiple diseases. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 18:sup1, pages 23-31.
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Francesca Pica, Roberta Gaziano, Ida Antonia Casalinuovo, Gabriella Moroni, Cristina Buè, Dolores Limongi, Cartesio D’Agostini, Carlo Tomino, Roberto Perricone, Anna Teresa Palamara, Paola Sinibaldi Vallebona & Enrico Garaci. (2018) Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in normal and pathological conditions. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 18:sup1, pages 13-21.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

Han Bai, Liyuan Liang, Xin Qi, Yao Xu, Yijia Liu, Doudou Ren, Zeqiong Cai, Weikang Mao, Xiaorui Wang, Hongyu Qin, Fang Hu & Bingyin Shi. (2023) Thymosin α1 modulated the immune landscape of COVID-19 patients revealed by single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing. International Immunopharmacology 124, pages 110983.
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Antonella Minutolo, Vita Petrone, Marialaura Fanelli, Christian Maracchioni, Martina Giudice, Elisabetta Teti, Luigi Coppola, Chiara Sorace, Marco Iannetta, Martino Tony Miele, Sergio Bernardini, Antonio Mastino, Paola Sinibaldi Vallebona, Emanuela Balestrieri, Massimo Andreoni, Loredana Sarmati, Sandro Grelli, Enrico Garaci & Claudia Matteucci. (2023) Thymosin alpha 1 restores the immune homeostasis in lymphocytes during Post-Acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. International Immunopharmacology 118, pages 110055.
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Daniela Ricci, Marilena Paola Etna, Martina Severa, Stefano Fiore, Fabiana Rizzo, Marco Iannetta, Massimo Andreoni, Stefano Balducci, Paola Stefanelli, Anna Teresa Palamara & Eliana Marina Coccia. (2023) Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. International Immunopharmacology 117, pages 109996.
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Gregorio Benitez, Fadi Shehadeh, Evangelia K. Mylona, Quynh-Lam Tran, Maria Tsikala-Vafea, Eleftheria Atalla, Matthew Kaczynski & Eleftherios Mylonakis. (2023) Effect of thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) on reversing lymphocytopenia among patients with COVID-19. International Immunopharmacology 116, pages 109831.
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Ángel Bulnes-Ramos, María Mar Pozo-Balado, Israel Olivas-Martínez, Vanesa Garrido-Rodríguez, Gabriel Bernal-Blanco, Alejandro Suárez-Benjumea, Ana Isabel Álvarez-Ríos, Carmen Lozano, Carmen González-Corvillo, Marta Suñer-Poblet, Francisco Manuel González-Roncero, Berta Sánchez, Isabel Maldonado-Calzado, José Manuel Lara-Ruiz, María Francisca Gonzalez-Escribano & Yolanda María Pacheco. (2023) Factors associated with the humoral response after three doses of COVID-19 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Frontiers in Immunology 14.
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Anastasios I. Birmpilis, Panagiotis Vitsos, Ioannis V. Kostopoulos, Lillian Williams, Kyriaki Ioannou, Pinelopi Samara, Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou, Ioannis F. Voutsas, Elena Alyfanti, Nikolaos Angelis, Nikolaos G. Gavalas, Themis Gkraikou, Niki Kappa, Eleftheria Klagkou, Persefoni Klimentzou, Spiridoula Nikou, Nikos E. Papaioannou, Margarita Skopeliti, David Toukli, Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos, Aristotelis Bamias, Evangelia Livaniou, Hubert Kalbacher, Ourania E. Tsitsilonis & Wolfgang Voelter. (2022) Prothymosin α and its C-Terminal Immunoreactive Decapeptide Show No Evidence of Acute Toxicity: A Preliminary In Silico , In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation . Current Medicinal Chemistry 29:42, pages 6463-6478.
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Yuya Cheng, Peize Wu, Ying Kan, Ming Li & Hongmei Li. (2022) Identification and determination of structurally related peptide impurities in thymalfasin by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 414:28, pages 8035-8045.
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Di Liu, Si-Yuan Huang, Jian-Hui Sun, Hua-Cai Zhang, Qing-Li Cai, Chu Gao, Li Li, Ju Cao, Fang Xu, Yong Zhou, Cha-Xiang Guan, Sheng-Wei Jin, Jin Deng, Xiang-Ming Fang, Jian-Xin Jiang & Ling Zeng. (2022) Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: mechanisms, diagnosis and current treatment options. Military Medical Research 9:1.
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Jun-feng Chen, Shu-ru Chen, Zi-ying Lei, Hui-juan Cao, Shao-quan Zhang, Wei-zhen Weng, Jing Xiong, Deng-na Lin, Jing Zhang, Yu-bao Zheng, Zhi-liang Gao & Bing-liang Lin. (2022) Safety and efficacy of Thymosin α1 in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology International.
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Qin Ning, Tao Chen, Guiqiang Wang, Dong Xu, Yanyan Yu, Qing Mao, Taisheng Li, Lanjuan Li, Jun Li, Xiaoju Lu, Jiabin Li, Zhiwei Li, Wenhong Zhang, Yonghong Xiao, Qinghua Meng, Yuqiang Mi, Jia Shang, Yunsong Yu, Yingren Zhao, Caiyan Zhao, Hong Zhao, Jianrong Huang, Jie Peng, Hong Tang, Xiaoping Tang, Jinhua Hu, Bijie Hu, Wei Guo, Bo Zheng, Baiyi Chen, Yuexin Zhang, Jia Wei, Jifang Sheng, Zhi Chen, Minggui Wang, Qing Xie, Yuming Wang, Fu-Sheng Wang, Jinlin Hou, Zhongping Duan, Lai Wei & Jidong Jia. (2022) Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of End-Stage Liver Disease Complicated with Infections. Infectious Diseases & Immunity 2:3, pages 168-178.
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Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi, Meneerah A. Aljafary, Fadwa M. Alkhulaifi, Hanan A. Aldossary, Thamer Alshammari, Ayman AL-Qaaneh, Razan Aldahhan, Zahra Alkhalifah, Zagit Z. Gaymalov, Adeeb Shehzad & Abdelgadir M. Homeida. (2021) Thymus Gland: A Double Edge Sword for Coronaviruses. Vaccines 9:10, pages 1119.
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Xavier Wittebole, Virginie Montiel & Jean-Baptiste Mesland. (2021) Is there a role for immune-enhancing therapies for acutely ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019?. Current Opinion in Critical Care 27:5, pages 480-486.
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Meiyu Chen, Yu Jiang, Xiaohui Cai, Xuzhang Lu & Hongying Chao. (2021) Combination of Gemcitabine and Thymosin alpha 1 exhibit a better anti-tumor effect on nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. International Immunopharmacology 98, pages 107829.
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Jian Chen & Haiming Wei. (2021) Immune Intervention in Sepsis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Patricia Pereiro, Antonio Figueras & Beatriz Novoa. (2020) Compilation of antiviral treatments and strategies to fight fish viruses. Reviews in Aquaculture 13:3, pages 1223-1254.
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ChenLu Huang, Ling Fei, Wei Xu, WeiXia Li, XuDong Xie, Qiang Li & Liang Chen. (2021) Efficacy Evaluation of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Non-severe Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Propensity Score Matching. Frontiers in Medicine 8.
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Yu Peng, Hongxun Tao, Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan, Kunlin Jin & Huanxing Su. (2021) A Comprehensive Summary of the Knowledge on COVID-19 Treatment. Aging and disease 12:1, pages 155.
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Claudia Matteucci, Antonella Minutolo, Emanuela Balestrieri, Vita Petrone, Marialaura Fanelli, Vincenzo Malagnino, Marco Ianetta, Alessandro Giovinazzo, Filippo Barreca, Silvia Di Cesare, Patrizia De Marco, Martino Tony Miele, Nicola Toschi, Antonio Mastino, Paola Sinibaldi Vallebona, Sergio Bernardini, Paola Rogliani, Loredana Sarmati, Massimo Andreoni, Sandro Grelli & Enrico Garaci. (2021) Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8:1.
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Xin Li, Lancong Liu, Yi Yang, Xuefeng Yang, Cencen Wang, Yan Li, Yanyan Ge, Yuxin Shi, Ping Lv, Hua Zhou, Pei Luo & Shilong Huang. (2021) Gender-associated difference following COVID-19 virus infection: Implications for thymosin alpha-1 therapy. International Immunopharmacology 90, pages 107022.
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Uli Binder & Arne Skerra. (2020) PASylated Thymosin α1: A Long-Acting Immunostimulatory Peptide for Applications in Oncology and Virology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22:1, pages 124.
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Asimina Dominari, Donald Hathaway III, Krunal Pandav, Wanessa Matos, Sharmi Biswas, Gowry Reddy, Sindhu Thevuthasan, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Anoopa Mathew, Sarabjot Singh Makkar, Madiha Zaidi, Michael Maher Mourad Fahem, Renato Beas, Valeria Castaneda, Trissa Paul, John Halpern & Diana Baralt. (2020) Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World Journal of Virology 9:5, pages 67-78.
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Nadine BeckmannChristen E. SalyerPeter A. CrisologoVanessa NomelliniCharles C. Caldwell. (2020) Staging and Personalized Intervention for Infection and Sepsis. Surgical Infections 21:9, pages 732-744.
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Ming Wu, Jing-jing Ji, Li Zhong, Zi-yun Shao, Qi-feng Xie, Zhe-ying Liu, Cong-lin Wang, Lei Su, Yong-wen Feng, Zhi-feng Liu & Yong-ming Yao. (2020) Thymosin α1 therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. International Immunopharmacology 88, pages 106873.
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Quan-xing Shi, Bing Chen, Chuang Nie, Zhi-ping Zhao, Jun-hai Zhang, Shao-yan Si, Shao-jie Cui & Jian-wen Gu. (2020) Improvement in cognitive dysfunction following blast induced traumatic brain injury by thymosin α1 in rats: Involvement of inhibition of tau phosphorylation at the Thr205 epitope. Brain Research 1747, pages 147038.
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Virginia Basso, Dat Q. Tran, André J. Ouellette & Michael E. Selsted. (2020) Host Defense Peptides as Templates for Antifungal Drug Development. Journal of Fungi 6:4, pages 241.
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Rami A. Al-Horani & Srabani Kar. (2020) Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics That Target the Post-Entry Stages of the Viral Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 12:10, pages 1092.
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Subhankar Chatterjee, Ritwik Ghosh, Payel Biswas, Souvik Dubey, Rishi T. Guria, Chandra B. Sharma & Sanjay Kalra. (2020) COVID-19: the endocrine opportunity in a pandemic. Minerva Endocrinologica 45:3.
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Jasmin Kharazmi‐Khorassani & Ahmad Asoodeh. (2019) Thymosin alpha‐1; a natural peptide inhibits cellular proliferation, cell migration, the level of reactive oxygen species and promotes the activity of antioxidant enzymes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (A549). Environmental Toxicology 34:8, pages 941-949.
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Yu-Ming Wang, Ke Li, Xiao-Guang Dou, Han Bai, Xi-Ping Zhao, Xiong Ma, Lan-Juan Li, Zhi-Shui Chen & Yuan-Cheng Huang. 2019. Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Hepatitis B. Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Hepatitis B 273 370 .
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Xueliang Yang, Yunru Chen, Jian Zhang, Tiantian Tang, Ying Kong, Feng Ye, Xi Zhang, Xiaojing Liu & Shumei Lin. (2018) Thymosin α1 treatment reduces hepatic inflammation and inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with acute liver failure. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.
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Claudia Matteucci, Sandro Grelli, Emanuela Balestrieri, Antonella Minutolo, Ayele Argaw-Denboba, Beatrice Macchi, Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Carlo Federico Perno, Antonio Mastino & Enrico Garaci. (2017) Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiology 12:2, pages 141-155.
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