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Review

Antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: likelihood to be helped or harmed, understanding proximal and distal benefits and risks

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Pages 1079-1091 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (6)

Leslie Citrome, Yangchun Du & Peter J Weiden. (2019) Assessing effectiveness of aripiprazole lauroxil vs placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia using number needed to treat and number needed to harm. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 15, pages 2639-2646.
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Srihari Gopal, Joris Berwaerts, Isaac Nuamah, Kasem Akhras, Danielle Coppola, Ella Daly, David Hough & Joseph Palumbo. (2011) Number needed to treat and number needed to harm with paliperidone palmitate relative to long-acting haloperidol, bromperidol, and fluphenazine decanoate for treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 7, pages 93-101.
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Leslie Citrome & Joshua T Kantrowitz. (2009) Olanzapine dosing above the licensed range is more efficacious than lower doses: fact or fiction?. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 9:7, pages 1045-1058.
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Joshua T Kantrowitz & Leslie Citrome. (2008) Olanzapine: review of safety 2008. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 7:6, pages 761-769.
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Articles from other publishers (31)

Pavel Mohr, Jirí Masopust & Miloslav Kopeček. (2022) Dopamine Receptor Partial Agonists: Do They Differ in Their Clinical Efficacy?. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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Leslie Citrome, Allitia DiBernardo & Jaskaran Singh. (2020) Appraising esketamine nasal spray for the management of treatment-resistant depression in adults: Number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. Journal of Affective Disorders 271, pages 228-238.
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Nicolas A. Nunez, Balwinder Singh, Francisco Romo‐Nava, Boney Joseph, Marin Veldic, Alfredo Cuellar‐Barboza, Alejandra Cabello Arreola, Jennifer L. Vande Voort, Paul Croarkin, Katherine M. Moore, Joanna Biernacka, Susan L. McElroy & Mark A. Frye. (2020) Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive modafinil/armodafinil in bipolar depression: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bipolar Disorders 22:2, pages 109-120.
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Leslie Citrome. (2019) Cariprazine for bipolar depression: What is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 73:10.
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Leslie Citrome, James C. Norton, Kathy Chi-Burris & George Demos. (2017) Pimavanserin for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease psychosis: number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. CNS Spectrums 23:3, pages 228-238.
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Leslie Citrome. (2017) Deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved novel medication-What is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 71:11, pages e13030.
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Leslie Citrome. (2017) Valbenazine for tardive dyskinesia: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved novel medication-What is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 71:7, pages e12964.
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L. Citrome. (2015) The ABC's of dopamine receptor partial agonists - aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine: the 15-min challenge to sort these agents out. International Journal of Clinical Practice 69:11, pages 1211-1220.
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Keming Gao, Chengmei Yuan, Renrong Wu, Jun Chen, Zuowei Wang, Yiru Fang & Joseph R. Calabrese. (2015) Important clinical features of atypical antipsychotics in acute bipolar depression that inform routine clinical care: a review of pivotal studies with number needed to treat. Neuroscience Bulletin 31:5, pages 572-588.
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L. Citrome. (2015) Brexpiprazole for schizophrenia and as adjunct for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antipsychotic - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be hel. International Journal of Clinical Practice 69:9, pages 978-997.
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L. Citrome. (2015) Lisdexamfetamine for binge eating disorder in adults: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved indication - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 69:4, pages 410-421.
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L. Citrome. (2014) Suvorexant for insomnia: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved hypnotic - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 68:12, pages 1429-1441.
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Leslie Citrome, Terence A. Ketter, Josephine Cucchiaro & Antony Loebel. (2014) Clinical assessment of lurasidone benefit and risk in the treatment of bipolar I depression using number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. Journal of Affective Disorders 155, pages 20-27.
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L. Citrome. (2014) Vortioxetine for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antidepressant - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 68:1, pages 60-82.
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L. Citrome. (2013) Levomilnacipran for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antidepressant - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 67:11, pages 1089-1104.
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Leslie Citrome, Joseph F. Goldberg & Kimberly Blanchard Portland. (2013) Placing transdermal selegiline for major depressive disorder into clinical context: Number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. Journal of Affective Disorders 151:2, pages 409-417.
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Larry Alphs, Joris Berwaerts & Ibrahim Turkoz. (2013) Limited utility of number needed to treat and the polarity index for bipolar disorder to characterize treatment response. European Neuropsychopharmacology 23:11, pages 1597-1599.
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L. Citrome & T. A. Ketter. (2013) When does a difference make a difference? Interpretation of number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. International Journal of Clinical Practice 67:5, pages 407-411.
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Leslie Citrome. (2012) Lurasidone for the Acute Treatment of Adults with Schizophrenia: What is the Number Needed to Treat, Number Needed to Harm, and Likelihood to be Helped or Harmed?. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses 6:2, pages 76-85.
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L. Citrome. (2012) Vilazodone for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antidepressant - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 66:4, pages 356-368.
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Renrong Wu, David E. Kemp, Martha Sajatovic, Jingping Zhao, Joseph R. Calabrese & Keming Gao. (2011) Communication of Potential Benefits and Harm to Patients and Payers in Psychiatry: A Review and Commentary. Clinical Therapeutics 33:12, pages B62-B76.
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L. Citrome. (2011) Does it work, will it work, and is it worth it? A call for papers (and reviewers) regarding effective treatments for psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Clinical Practice 65:3, pages 232-233.
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T. A. Ketter, L. Citrome, P. W. Wang, J. L. Culver & S. Srivastava. (2011) Treatments for bipolar disorder: can number needed to treat/harm help inform clinical decisions?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123:3, pages 175-189.
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L. Citrome. (2011) Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. International Journal of Clinical Practice 65:2, pages 189-210.
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B Levitan. (2010) A Concise Display of Multiple End Points for Benefit–Risk Assessment. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 89:1, pages 56-59.
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L. Citrome. (2010) Miracle pills for weight loss: what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed for naltrexone-bupropion combination?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 64:11, pages 1462-1465.
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L. Citrome. (2010) Relative vs. absolute measures of benefit and risk: whatâs the difference?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 121:2, pages 94-102.
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L Citrome & T A Ketter. (2009) Teaching the philosophy and tools of evidence-based medicine: misunderstandings and solutions. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2:4, pages 220-225.
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Leslie Citrome, Ruoyong Yang, Paul Glue & Onur N. Karayal. (2009) Effect of ziprasidone dose on all-cause discontinuation rates in acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A post-hoc analysis of 4 fixed-dose randomized clinical trials. Schizophrenia Research 111:1-3, pages 39-45.
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L. Citrome & T. A. Ketter. (2009) Teaching the philosophy and tools of evidence-based medicine: misunderstandings and solutions. International Journal of Clinical Practice 63:3, pages 353-359.
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L. Citrome. (2009) Olanzapine pamoate: a stick in time?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 63:1, pages 140-150.
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