96
Views
87
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Differential Cell Kinetics in the Ileum and Colon of Germfree Rats

, &
Pages 445-451 | Received 05 Feb 1993, Accepted 04 Oct 1993, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (6)

Tusha Sharma, Nagabhishek Sirpu Natesh, Ramesh Pothuraju, Surinder K. Batra & Satyanarayana Rachagani. (2023) Gut microbiota: a non-target victim of pesticide-induced toxicity. Gut Microbes 15:1.
Read now
Rachael J. Rigby, Jacquelyn Carr, Kelly Orgel, Stephanie L. King, P. Kay Lund & Christopher M. Dekaney. (2016) Intestinal bacteria are necessary for doxorubicin-induced intestinal damage but not for doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Gut Microbes 7:5, pages 414-423.
Read now
Jaime H. Olaya, Vadim Neopikhanov, Charlotte Söderman, Andrés Uribe. (2001) Bacterial Wall Components such as Lipothecoid Acid, Peptidoglycan, Liposaccharide and Lipid A Stimulate Cell Proliferation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 13:2, pages 124-128.
Read now
Irene Koutsovelkidis, Vadim Neopikhanov, Charlotte Söderman, André Uribe & Angelika Lorenz. (1999) Butyrate Inhibits and Escherichia coli-Derived Mitogen(s) Stimulate DNA Synthesis in Human Hepatocytes In Vitro . Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 29:2, pages 121-138.
Read now
Jaime H. Olaya, Angelika Lorenz, Andrés Uribe. (1999) Mitogenic Factor(s) of Colonic Bacteria Stimulate DNA Synthesis in a Human Colonic Epithelial Cell Line. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 10:3-4, pages 134-140.
Read now
A. Uribe, M. Alam, T. Midtvedt, B. Smedfors & E. Theodorsson. (1997) Endogenous Prostaglandins and Microflora Modulate DNA Synthesis and Neuroendocrine Peptides in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32:7, pages 691-699.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (81)

Linna Zhao, Jie Xiao, Songlin Li, Yuying Guo, Rong Fu, Shengyu Hua, Yuzheng Du & Shixin Xu. (2023) The interaction between intestinal microenvironment and stroke. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 29:S1, pages 185-199.
Crossref
Zi-Yi Song, Duo Yuan & Sheng-Xiao Zhang. (2022) Role of the microbiome and its metabolites in ankylosing spondylitis. Frontiers in Immunology 13.
Crossref
Johannes Schulze Holthausen, Johannes Schregel, Quentin L. Sciascia, Zeyang Li, Armin Tuchscherer, Wilfried Vahjen, Cornelia C. Metges & Jürgen Zentek. (2022) Effects of Oral Glutamine Supplementation, Birthweight and Age on Colonic Morphology and Microbiome Development in Male Suckling Piglets. Microorganisms 10:10, pages 1899.
Crossref
Pingping Zhu, Tiankun Lu, Jiayi Wu, Dongdong Fan, Benyu Liu, Xiaoxiao Zhu, Hui Guo, Ying Du, Feng Liu, Yong Tian & Zusen Fan. (2022) Gut microbiota drives macrophage-dependent self-renewal of intestinal stem cells via niche enteric serotonergic neurons. Cell Research 32:6, pages 555-569.
Crossref
Sri Nitya Reddy InduriPayalben KansaraScott C. ThomasFangxi XuDeepak Saxena & Xin Li. (2022) The Gut Microbiome, Metformin, and Aging. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 62:1, pages 85-108.
Crossref
Dilip Kumar Malipatlolla, Sravani Devarakonda, Piyush Patel, Fei Sjöberg, Ana Rascón, Rita Grandér, Viktor Skokic, Marie Kalm, Jolie Danial, Eva Mehdin, Malin Warholm, Henrietta Norling, Andrea Stringer, Malin E. V. Johansson, Margareta Nyman, Gunnar Steineck & Cecilia Bull. (2021) A Fiber-Rich Diet and Radiation-Induced Injury in the Murine Intestinal Mucosa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:1, pages 439.
Crossref
Amanda Machado, Janaína Ribeiro Oliveira, Deborah de F. Lelis, Victor Hugo D. Guimarães, Alfredo M.B. de Paula, Andre L.S. Guimarães, Igor V. Brandi, Bruna Mara A. de Carvalho, Diego Vicente da Costa, Cláudia Regina Vieira, Ulisses Alves Pereira, Theles de Oliveira Costa, João M.O. Andrade, Robson Augusto Souza Santos & Sérgio H.S. Santos. (2021) Oral Angiotensin-(1-7) Peptide Modulates Intestinal Microbiota Improving Metabolic Profile in Obese Mice. Protein & Peptide Letters 28:10, pages 1127-1137.
Crossref
Shawn Goyal, Derek K.L. Tsang, Charles Maisonneuve & Stephen E. Girardin. (2021) Sending signals – The microbiota’s contribution to intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Microbes and Infection 23:6-7, pages 104774.
Crossref
Nan Hu, Xiang Liu, Qinfeng Mu, Miaomei Yu, Hui Wang, Yan Jiang, Rong Chen & Liying Wang. (2021) The gut microbiota contributes to the modulation of intestinal CYP3A1 and P-gp in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 162, pages 105833.
Crossref
Meng Zhou & Jiang Zhao. (2021) A Review on the Health Effects of Pesticides Based on Host Gut Microbiome and Metabolomics. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 8.
Crossref
Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker & Jun Yu. 2021. Inflammation, Infection, and Microbiome in Cancers. Inflammation, Infection, and Microbiome in Cancers 27 61 .
Bruno Lamas, Natalia Martins Breyner & Eric Houdeau. (2020) Impacts of foodborne inorganic nanoparticles on the gut microbiota-immune axis: potential consequences for host health. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 17:1.
Crossref
Liisa Arike, Andrus Seiman, Sjoerd van der Post, Ana M. Rodriguez Piñeiro, Anna Ermund, André Schütte, Fredrik Bäckhed, Malin E.V. Johansson & Gunnar C. Hansson. (2020) Protein Turnover in Epithelial Cells and Mucus along the Gastrointestinal Tract Is Coordinated by the Spatial Location and Microbiota. Cell Reports 30:4, pages 1077-1087.e3.
Crossref
Peter Nagy & Nicolas Buchon. 2019. Deferring Development. Deferring Development 249 265 .
Harleen Kaur & Régis Moreau. (2019) Role of mTORC1 in intestinal epithelial repair and tumorigenesis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 76:13, pages 2525-2546.
Crossref
Wakako Ohyama. (2019) Markedly enhanced micronucleus induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in colonic cells of rats with bacterial colonization in the intestine. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 838, pages 1-8.
Crossref
Nicholas Heitman, Nivedita Saxena & Michael Rendl. (2018) Advancing insights into stem cell niche complexities with next-generation technologies. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 55, pages 87-95.
Crossref
Jakob von Frieling, Christine Fink, Jacob Hamm, Kenneth Klischies, Michael Forster, Thomas C. G. Bosch, Thomas Roeder, Philip Rosenstiel & Felix Sommer. (2018) Grow With the Challenge – Microbial Effects on Epithelial Proliferation, Carcinogenesis, and Cancer Therapy. Frontiers in Microbiology 9.
Crossref
Giulia Nigro, Antonin Levy, Aline Stedman & Philippe J. Sansonetti. (2018) Microbiote et régénération de l’épithélium intestinal : des signaux cryptiques décryptés dans la crypte. Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine 202:7, pages 1393-1400.
Crossref
Chun Huang, Xin Yu & Wen Liao. (2018) The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis in Vertebrates: Gut Microbiota Effect, a Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19:6, pages 1792.
Crossref
Charles MaisonneuveThergiory IrrazabalAlberto MartinStephen E. Girardin & Dana J. Philpott. (2018) The Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Colorectal Cancer. Annual Review of Cancer Biology 2:1, pages 229-249.
Crossref
Coralie Trentesaux & Béatrice Romagnolo. 2018. Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Intestinal Stem Cell Niche 1 40 .
Bryan Tungland. 2018. Human Microbiota in Health and Disease. Human Microbiota in Health and Disease 1 35 .
Artem Minalyan, Lilit Gabrielyan, David Scott, Jonathan Jacobs & Joseph R. Pisegna. (2017) The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Current Gastroenterology Reports 19:8.
Crossref
Bailey C. E. Peck, Michael T. Shanahan, Ajeet P. Singh & Praveen Sethupathy. (2017) Gut Microbial Influences on the Mammalian Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Stem Cells International 2017, pages 1-17.
Crossref
Aline Stedman, Giulia Nigro & Philippe J. Sansonetti. (2016) Le dialogue microbiote-cellules souches. médecine/sciences 32:11, pages 983-990.
Crossref
Hugo J. Snippert. (2016) Colonic Crypts: Safe Haven from Microbial Products. Cell 165:7, pages 1564-1566.
Crossref
Julie M. Davies, Rebeca Santaolalla, Richard J. von Furstenberg, Susan J. Henning & Maria T. Abreu. (2015) The Viral Mimetic Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Alters the Growth Characteristics of Small Intestinal and Colonic Crypt Cultures. PLOS ONE 10:9, pages e0138531.
Crossref
Carlos Augusto Rossi, Marcelo Soares, Franciele Camila Luchese & Janio Morais Santurio. (2015) USO DE ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS NO CONTROLE DOS SINAIS CLÍNICOS DAS DIARREIAS NEONATAIS EM LEITÕES NASCIDOS DE FÊMEAS COM DIFERENTES ORDENS DE PARTO. Ciência Animal Brasileira 16:1, pages 93-102.
Crossref
Giulia Nigro & Philippe J. Sansonetti. (2015) Microbiota and Gut Stem Cells Cross-Talks: A New View of Epithelial Homeostasis. Current Stem Cell Reports 1:1, pages 48-52.
Crossref
J.J. Malago. (2015) Contribution of microbiota to the intestinal physicochemical barrier. Beneficial Microbes 6:3, pages 295-311.
Crossref
Sai Manasa Jandhyala. (2015) Role of the normal gut microbiota. World Journal of Gastroenterology 21:29, pages 8787.
Crossref
Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova, Miloslav Kverka, Elena F. Verdu & Jerry M. Wells. 2015. Mucosal Immunology. Mucosal Immunology 109 133 .
Eva Maier, Rachel Anderson & Nicole Roy. (2014) Understanding How Commensal Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria Regulate Immune Functions in the Large Intestine. Nutrients 7:1, pages 45-73.
Crossref
Adam S. Darwich, Umair Aslam, Darren M. Ashcroft & Amin Rostami-Hodjegan. (2014) Meta-Analysis of the Turnover of Intestinal Epithelia in Preclinical Animal Species and Humans. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 42:12, pages 2016-2022.
Crossref
Tim G. A. M. Wolfs, Boris W. Kramer, Geertje ThuijlsMatthew W. Kemp, Masatoshi Saito, Monique G. M. Willems, Paranthaman Senthamarai-KannanJohn P. Newnham, Alan H. Jobe & Suhas G. Kallapur. (2014) Chorioamnionitis-induced fetal gut injury is mediated by direct gut exposure of inflammatory mediators or by lung inflammation. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 306:5, pages G382-G393.
Crossref
. 2014. Intestinal Microbiota in Health and Disease. Intestinal Microbiota in Health and Disease 49 68 .
Yongtao Li. 2014. Infectious Microecology. Infectious Microecology 23 31 .
K. Slezak, L. Hanske, G. Loh & M. Blaut. (2013) Increased bacterial putrescine has no impact on gut morphology and physiology in gnotobiotic adolescent mice. Beneficial Microbes 4:3, pages 253-266.
Crossref
Williams Turpin, Christèle Humblot, Marie-Louise Noordine, Laura Wrzosek, Julie Tomas, Camille Mayeur, Claire Cherbuy, Jean-Pierre Guyot & Muriel Thomas. (2013) Behavior of Lactobacilli Isolated from Fermented Slurry (ben-saalga) in Gnotobiotic Rats. PLoS ONE 8:4, pages e57711.
Crossref
Felix Sommer & Fredrik Bäckhed. (2013) The gut microbiota — masters of host development and physiology. Nature Reviews Microbiology 11:4, pages 227-238.
Crossref
Youhei MANTANI, Ei-ichirou TAKAHARA, Takashi TAKEUCHI, Junichi KAWANO, Toshifumi YOKOYAMA, Nobuhiko HOSHI & Hiroshi KITAGAWA. (2013) Histoplanimetrical Study on the Relationship between Invasion of Indigenous Bacteria into Intestinal Crypts and Proliferation of Epithelial Cells in Rat Ascending Colon. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75:7, pages 939-947.
Crossref
Guus Roeselers, Jildau Bouwman, Koen Venema & Roy Montijn. (2012) The human gastrointestinal microbiota—An unexplored frontier for pharmaceutical discovery. Pharmacological Research 66:6, pages 443-447.
Crossref
M.A. Tolga Muftuoglu, T. Civak, S. Cetin, L. Civak, O. Gungor & A. Saglam. (2011) Effects of probiotics on experimental short-bowel syndrome. The American Journal of Surgery 202:4, pages 461-468.
Crossref
Domenico Parmeggiani, Nicola Avenia, Adelmo Gubitosi, Francesco Gilio, Pietro Francesco Atelli & Massimo Agresti. (2011) Additional prognostic factors in right colon cancer staging. Updates in Surgery 63:3, pages 155-161.
Crossref
P. Gérard. (2011) Le microbiote intestinal: composition et fonctionsGut microbiota: composition and functions. Phytothérapie 9:2, pages 72-75.
Crossref
Françoise Rul, Leila Ben-Yahia, Fatima Chegdani, Laura Wrzosek, Stéphane Thomas, Marie-Louise Noordine, Christophe Gitton, Claire Cherbuy, Philippe Langella & Muriel Thomas. (2011) Impact of the Metabolic Activity of Streptococcus thermophilus on the Colon Epithelium of Gnotobiotic Rats. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286:12, pages 10288-10296.
Crossref
Eduardo Jorge Schiffrin & Anne Donnet-Hughes. 2011. Probiotic Bacteria and Enteric Infections. Probiotic Bacteria and Enteric Infections 189 205 .
Claire Cherbuy, Edith Honvo-Houeto, Aurélia Bruneau, Chantal Bridonneau, Camille Mayeur, Pierre-Henri Duée, Philippe Langella & Muriel Thomas. (2010) Microbiota matures colonic epithelium through a coordinated induction of cell cycle-related proteins in gnotobiotic rat. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 299:2, pages G348-G357.
Crossref
Sophie CoudeyrasChristiane Forestier. (2010) Microbiote et probiotiques : impact en santé humaine. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56:8, pages 611-650.
Crossref
Jeong Ryae Jeon & Joon Hyuk Choi. (2010) Lactic Acid Fermentation of Germinated Barley Fiber and Proliferative Function of Colonic Epithelial Cells in Loperamide-Induced Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food 13:4, pages 950-960.
Crossref
Inna Sekirov, Shannon L. Russell, L. Caetano M. Antunes & B. Brett Finlay. (2010) Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease. Physiological Reviews 90:3, pages 859-904.
Crossref
V. Buccigrossi, A. Giannattasio, C. Armellino, A. Lo Vecchio, M.A. Caiazzo & A. Guarino. (2010) The functional effects of nutrients on enterocyte proliferation and intestinal ion transport in early infancy. Early Human Development 86:1, pages 55-57.
Crossref
David A. HillDavid Artis. (2010) Intestinal Bacteria and the Regulation of Immune Cell Homeostasis. Annual Review of Immunology 28:1, pages 623-667.
Crossref
Wang-Mei QI, Kenkichi YAMAMOTO, Yuh YOKOO, Hidenori MIYATA, Kankanam Gamage Sanath UDAYANGA, Junichi KAWANO, Toshifumi YOKOYAMA, Nobuhiko HOSHI & Hiroshi KITAGAWA. (2009) Histoplanimetrical Study on the Relationship between Cellular Kinetics of Epithelial Cells and Proliferation of Indigenous Bacteria in the Rat Colon. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 71:6, pages 745-752.
Crossref
Wang-Mei QI, Kenkichi YAMAMOTO, Yuh YOKOO, Hidenori MIYATA, Tetsurou INAMOTO, Kankanam Gamage Sanath UDAYANGA, Junichi KAWANO, Toshifumi YOKOYAMA, Nobuhiko HOSHI & Hiroshi KITAGAWA. (2009) Histoplanimetrical Study on the Relationship between the Cell Kinetics of Villous Columnar Epithelial Cells and the Proliferation of Indigenous Bacteria in Rat Small Intestine. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 71:4, pages 463-470.
Crossref
Shafiqul A. Sarker & George J. Fuchs. 2009. Probiotics in Pediatric Medicine. Probiotics in Pediatric Medicine 147 164 .
Claire L Thompson, Bing Wang & Andrew J Holmes. (2008) The immediate environment during postnatal development has long-term impact on gut community structure in pigs. The ISME Journal 2:7, pages 739-748.
Crossref
G. Corthier, H. Sokol & J. Doré. (2007) Diversité du microbiote et de ses fonctionsThe diversity of the human microbiota and its functions. Obésité 2:3, pages 215-220.
Crossref
Karine Gloux, Marion Leclerc, Harout Iliozer, René L'Haridon, Chaysavanh Manichanh, Gérard Corthier, Renaud Nalin, Hervé M. Blottière & Joël Doré. (2007) Development of High-Throughput Phenotyping of Metagenomic Clones from the Human Gut Microbiome for Modulation of Eukaryotic Cell Growth. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:11, pages 3734-3737.
Crossref
Gérard Corthier. (2007) Flore intestinale et santé: quels enjeux?. Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme 21:2, pages 76-80.
Crossref
Philippe Gérard & Annick Bernalier-Donadille. (2007) Les fonctions majeures du microbiote intestinal. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 42, pages 28-36.
Crossref
Juscilene S. Menezes, Mariléia C. Andrade, Beatriz Senra, Virlânia S. Rodrigues, Nelson M. Vaz & Ana Maria C. Faria. (2006) Immunological activities are modulated by enteral administration of an elemental diet in mice. Clinical Nutrition 25:4, pages 643-652.
Crossref
Inna Sekirov & B Brett Finlay. (2006) Human and microbe: united we stand. Nature Medicine 12:7, pages 736-737.
Crossref
J.L. Mourão, V. Pinheiro, A. Alves, C.M. Guedes, L. Pinto, M.J. Saavedra, P. Spring & A. Kocher. (2006) Effect of mannan oligosaccharides on the performance, intestinal morphology and cecal fermentation of fattening rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology 126:1-2, pages 107-120.
Crossref
Jimmy K Limdi. (2006) Do probiotics have a therapeutic role in gastroenterology. World Journal of Gastroenterology 12:34, pages 5447.
Crossref
John C. Marshall. (2005) Lipopolysaccharide: An Endotoxin or an Exogenous Hormone?. Clinical Infectious Diseases 41:Supplement_7, pages S470-S480.
Crossref
Takashi TAKEUCHI & Tatsuo GONDA. (2004) Cellular Kinetics of Villous Epithelial Cells and M Cells in Rabbit Small Intestine. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66:6, pages 689-693.
Crossref
Claire Cherbuy, Claude Andrieux, Edith Honvo‐Houeto, Muriel Thomas, Catherine Ide, Nathalie Druesne, Catherine Chaumontet, Béatrice Darcy‐Vrillon & Pierre‐Henri Duée. (2003) Expression of mitochondrial HMGCoA synthase and glutaminase in the colonic mucosa is modulated by bacterial species. European Journal of Biochemistry 271:1, pages 87-95.
Crossref
. 2004. Integration of Metabolism, Energetics, and Signal Transduction. Integration of Metabolism, Energetics, and Signal Transduction 121 142 .
Russell J Juno, Andrew W Knott, Marcus D Jarboe, Sherri A Profitt, Christopher R Erwin & Brad W Warner. (2003) Characterization of small bowel resection and intestinal adaptation in germ-free rats. Surgery 134:4, pages 582-589.
Crossref
Francisco Guarner & Juan-R Malagelada. (2003) Gut flora in health and disease. The Lancet 361:9356, pages 512-519.
Crossref
Per FALK. (2002) Exploring the Molecular Basis of Host-Microbial Interactions in the GI Tract. Bioscience and Microflora 21:2, pages 83-97.
Crossref
Vance J. McCracken & Robin G. Lorenz. (2001) The gastrointestinal ecosystem: a precarious alliance among epithelium, immunity and microbiota. Microreview. Cellular Microbiology 3:1, pages 1-11.
Crossref
Dennis Lanning, Periannan Sethupathi, Ki-Jong Rhee, Shi-Kang Zhai & Katherine L. Knight. (2000) Intestinal Microflora and Diversification of the Rabbit Antibody Repertoire. The Journal of Immunology 165:4, pages 2012-2019.
Crossref
Takashi TAKEUCHI, Hiroshi KITAGAWA, Tomohiro IMAGAWA & Masato UEHARA. (1999) Apoptosis of Villous Epithelial Cells and Follicle-Associated Epithelial Cells in Chicken Cecum.. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 61:2, pages 149-154.
Crossref
Jaime Olaya, Vadim Neopikhanov & Andrés Uribe. (1999) Lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli, polyamines, and acetic acid stimulate cell proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 35:1, pages 43-48.
Crossref
Per G. Falk, Lora V. Hooper, Tore Midtvedt & Jeffrey I. Gordon. (1998) Creating and Maintaining the Gastrointestinal Ecosystem: What We Know and Need To Know from Gnotobiology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62:4, pages 1157-1170.
Crossref
P. BENNO, M. ALAM, T. MIDTVEDT & A. URIBE. (1997) Sulphasalazine, olsalazine and sulphapyridine induce mitogenic actions in the rat intestinal epithelium. APMIS 105:7-12, pages 717-722.
Crossref
Claire Cherbuy, Béatrice Darcy-Vrillon, Marie-Thérèse Morel, Jean-Paul Pégorier & Pierre-Henri Duée. (1995) Effect of germfree state on the capacities of isolated rat colonocytes to metabolize n-Butyrate, glucose, and glutamine. Gastroenterology 109:6, pages 1890-1899.
Crossref
Andrés Uribe, Mahbub Alam, Olle Johansson, Tore Midtvedt & Elvar Theodorsson. (1994) Microflora modulates endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat. Gastroenterology 107:5, pages 1259-1269.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.