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Research Articles

“Bath Salt” Ingestion Leading to Severe Intoxication Delirium: Two Cases and a Brief Review of the Emergence of Mephedrone Use

, M.D., , M.D. & , M.D.
Pages 176-180 | Published online: 05 Jan 2012

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Fiona Brookman, Trevor H. Bennett & Rhian Hills. (2017) The pleasures and pains of mephedrone use: Perceptions of users and practitioners. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 24:1, pages 103-110.
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Kayla N. Ellefsen, Marta Concheiro & Marilyn A. Huestis. (2016) Synthetic cathinone pharmacokinetics, analytical methods, and toxicological findings from human performance and postmortem cases. Drug Metabolism Reviews 48:2, pages 237-265.
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Olof Beck, Lisa Franzen, Matilda Bäckberg, Patrick Signell & Anders Helander. (2015) Intoxications involving MDPV in Sweden during 2010–2014: Results from the STRIDA project. Clinical Toxicology 53:9, pages 865-873.
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Magalie Paillet-Loilier, Alexandre Cesbron, Reynald Le Boisselier, Joanna Bourgine & Danièle Debruyne. (2014) Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on substituted cathinones. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 5, pages 37-52.
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Marie Claire Van Hout. (2014) An Internet Study of User’s Experiences of the Synthetic Cathinone 4-Methylethcathinone (4-MEC). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46:4, pages 273-286.
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JacobM. McClean, Ara Anspikian & JohnW. Tsuang. (2012) Bath Salt Use: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 8:3, pages 250-256.
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Beatriz Correia, Joana Fernandes, Maria João Botica, Carla Ferreira & Alexandre Quintas. (2022) Novel Psychoactive Substances: The Razor’s Edge between Therapeutical Potential and Psychoactive Recreational Misuse. Medicines 9:3, pages 19.
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Ellen M. F. Strömmer, Wendy Leith, Maurice P. Zeegers & Michael D. Freeman. (2020) The role of restraint in fatal excited delirium: a research synthesis and pooled analysis. Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 16:4, pages 680-692.
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Heather L. Ciallella, Lexus R. Rutter, Lorna A. Nisbet & Karen S. Scott. (2020) Extended Stability Evaluation of Selected Cathinones. Frontiers in Chemistry 8.
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Olga Wronikowska & Barbara Budzyńska. (2020) Toxicological profile and structure–activity relationship of new synthetic cathinones. Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 74, pages 57-68.
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Gregory Janis. 2020. Toxicology Cases for the Clinical and Forensic Laboratory. Toxicology Cases for the Clinical and Forensic Laboratory 269 276 .
Laura Orsolini, Stefania Chiappini, Duccio Papanti, Domenico De Berardis, John M. Corkery & Fabrizio Schifano. (2019) The Bridge Between Classical and “Synthetic”/Chemical Psychoses: Towards a Clinical, Psychopathological, and Therapeutic Perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry 10.
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Diana Dias da Silva, Bárbara Ferreira, Rita Roque Bravo, Rita Rebelo, Tomás Duarte de Almeida, Maria João Valente, João Pedro Silva, Félix Carvalho, Maria de Lourdes Bastos & Helena Carmo. (2019) The new psychoactive substance 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC or metaphedrone) induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in primary rat hepatocytes at human-relevant concentrations. Archives of Toxicology 93:9, pages 2617-2634.
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Yiming Chen, Bruce E. Blough, Kevin S. Murnane & Clinton E. Canal. (2019) The synthetic cathinone psychostimulant α‐PPP antagonizes serotonin 5‐HT 2A receptors: In vitro and in vivo evidence . Drug Testing and Analysis 11:7, pages 990-998.
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Kirsten E. Smith & William W. Stoops. (2019) Synthetic Cathinone Use Among Polysubstance Users: Indirect Indicator of Indiscriminate Drug Taking or Preferred Drug of Abuse?. Journal of Drug Issues 49:2, pages 369-386.
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Felix P. Mayer, Daniela Cintulova, Dorothea A. Pittrich, Laurin Wimmer, Dino Luethi, Marion Holy, Kathrin Jaentsch, Sonja Tischberger, Guenter Gmeiner, Marius C. Hoener, Matthias E. Liechti, Marko D. Mihovilovic & Harald H. Sitte. (2019) Stereochemistry of phase-1 metabolites of mephedrone determines their effectiveness as releasers at the serotonin transporter. Neuropharmacology 148, pages 199-209.
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Jose Luiz Costa, Kelly Francisco Cunha, Rafael Lanaro, Ricardo Leal Cunha, Donna Walther & Michael H. Baumann. (2018) Analytical quantification, intoxication case series, and pharmacological mechanism of action for N ‐ethylnorpentylone ( N ‐ethylpentylone or ephylone) . Drug Testing and Analysis 11:3, pages 461-471.
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DU Bharath, PoornimaS Rao, VinayakPandurang Kale, SunilKumar Panigrahi, Murali Krishna, Steven Jones & SumanthMallikarjuna Majgi. (2019) Social and clinical correlates of stimulant use disorder (mephedrone) in a tertiary mental health setting in Mumbai: A pilot exploratory study. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour 24:1, pages 36.
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Trevor Bennett & Katy Holloway. (2018) Drug and Alcohol-Related Crime Among University Students. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62:14, pages 4489-4509.
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Dino Luethi, Karolina E. Kolaczynska, Luca Docci, Stephan Krähenbühl, Marius C. Hoener & Matthias E. Liechti. (2018) Pharmacological profile of mephedrone analogs and related new psychoactive substances. Neuropharmacology 134, pages 4-12.
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Marie Claire Van Hout, Annemieke Benschop, Michal Bujalski, Katarzyna Dąbrowska, Zsolt Demetrovics, Katalin Felvinczi, Evelyn Hearne, Susana Henriques, Zsuzsa Kaló, Gerrit Kamphausen, Dirk Korf, Joana Paula Silva, Łukasz Wieczorek & Bernd Werse. (2017) Health and Social Problems Associated with Recent Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) Use Amongst Marginalised, Nightlife and Online Users in Six European Countries. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 16:2, pages 480-495.
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Michelle E. John, Crystal Thomas-Rozea & David Hahn. (2017) Bath Salts Abuse Leading to New-Onset Psychosis and Potential for Violence. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses 11:2, pages 120-124.
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Noreen D Mdege, Nick Meader, Charlie Lloyd, Steve Parrott & Jim McCambridge. (2017) The Novel Psychoactive Substances in the UK Project: empirical and conceptual review work to produce research recommendations. Public Health Research 5:4, pages 1-138.
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C. Michael White. (2016) Mephedrone and 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): Synthetic Cathinones With Serious Health Implications. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56:11, pages 1319-1325.
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Elli Tyrkkö, Mikael Andersson & Robert Kronstrand. (2016) The Toxicology of New Psychoactive Substances. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 38:2, pages 190-216.
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Brandie Marie Stiles, Anne F. Fish, Cynthia A. Cook & Victor Silva. (2016) Bath Salt-Induced Psychosis: Nursing Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 52:1, pages 68-78.
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Francesco S. Romolo, Paola A. Fiore, Edoardo Bottoni, Simone Cappelletti, Mariarosaria Aromatario & Costantino Ciallella. 2016. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse 40 49 .
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Kathleen Meyers, Övgü Kaynak, Elena Bresani, Brenda Curtis, Ashley McNamara, Kristine Brownfield & Kimberly C. Kirby. (2015) The availability and depiction of synthetic cathinones (bath salts) on the Internet: Do online suppliers employ features to maximize purchases?. International Journal of Drug Policy 26:7, pages 670-674.
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John R. Richards, Timothy E. Albertson, Robert W. Derlet, Richard A. Lange, Kent R. Olson & B. Zane Horowitz. (2015) Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: A systematic clinical review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 150, pages 1-13.
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Daniel P. Katz, Dwipayan Bhattacharya, Subhrajit Bhattacharya, Jack Deruiter, C. Randall Clark, Vishnu Suppiramaniam & Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran. (2014) Synthetic cathinones: “A khat and mouse game”. Toxicology Letters 229:2, pages 349-356.
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Caroline Sastre, Cédric Mazoyer, Charlotte Mayer, Jérôme Grosjean, Vincent Di Fazio & Élodie Saussereau. (2014) Les cathinones : qu’en sait-on aujourd’hui ?. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 26:3, pages 148-155.
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Kayla N. Ellefsen, Sébastien Anizan, Marisol S. Castaneto, Nathalie A. Desrosiers, Thomas M. Martin, Kevin L. Klette & Marilyn A. Huestis. (2014) Validation of the only commercially available immunoassay for synthetic cathinones in urine: Randox Drugs of Abuse V Biochip Array Technology. Drug Testing and Analysis 6:7-8, pages 728-738.
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José Martínez-Clemente, Raúl López-Arnau, Sonia Abad, David Pubill, Elena Escubedo & Jorge Camarasa. (2014) Dose and Time-Dependent Selective Neurotoxicity Induced by Mephedrone in Mice. PLoS ONE 9:6, pages e99002.
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Suzanne Franki & Sarah B. Johnson. (2014) Trends and Treatment of Adolescent Street Drug Use. Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News 19:3, pages 5-8.
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Bobbe Ann Gray & Cindra Holland. (2014) Implications of Psychoactive ‘Bath Salts’ Use During Pregnancy. Nursing for Women's Health 18:3, pages 220-230.
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Toshihiko Matsumoto, Hisateru Tachimori, Yuko Tanibuchi, Ayumi Takano & Kiyoshi Wada. (2014) Clinical features of patients with designer-drug-related disorder in Japan: A comparison with patients with methamphetamine- and hypnotic/anxiolytic-related disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 68:5, pages 374-382.
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