3,045
Views
76
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT): Initial clinical experience in the first 80 patients

, , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1132-1140 | Received 05 May 2010, Accepted 27 May 2010, Published online: 13 Sep 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (2)

Håkan Nyström, Erik Blomqvist, Morten Høyer, Anders Montelius, Ludvig Paul Muren, Per Nilsson, Zahra Taheri-Kadkhoda & Bengt Glimelius. (2011) Particle Therapy – A next logical step in the improvement of radiotherapy. Acta Oncologica 50:6, pages 741-744.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (74)

Vittorio Ferrentino, Pasquale Arpaia, Antonio Gilardi, Mikko Karppinen, Charilaos Kokkinos & Emmanuele Ravaioli. (2023) Analysis of Powering and Quench Protection of the SIGRUM Superconducting Combined-Function Dipole Magnet. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 33:7, pages 1-8.
Crossref
Verity Ahern, Sebastian Adeberg, Piero Fossati, Richard Garrett, Bradford Hoppe, Anita Mahajan, Ester Orlandi, Roberto Orecchia, Dale Prokopovich, Jan Seuntjens, David Thwaites, Daniel Trifiletti, Richard Tsang & Hiroshi Tsuji. (2023) An international approach to estimating the indications and number of eligible patients for carbon ion radiation therapy (CIRT) in Australia. Radiotherapy and Oncology 187, pages 109816.
Crossref
Bruce Faddegon, Eleanor A Blakely, Lucas Burigo, Yair Censor, Ivana Dokic, Naoki Domínguez Kondo, Ramon Ortiz, José Ramos Méndez, Antoni Rucinski, Keith Schubert, Niklas Wahl & Reinhard Schulte. (2023) Ionization detail parameters and cluster dose: a mathematical model for selection of nanodosimetric quantities for use in treatment planning in charged particle radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine & Biology 68:17, pages 175013.
Crossref
Takumi Matsumoto, Kohei Yamaguchi, Rio Yanagisawa, Kei Kubodera, Yudai Arai, Takahiro Makino, Takeshi Ohshima, Makoto Sakai, Akihiko Matsumura & Wataru Kada. (2023) Development of a SiC semiconductor-based dosimeter for evaluating clinical dose distribution in carbon ion cancer therapy fields. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 542, pages 151-157.
Crossref
Yinxiangzi Sheng, Lennart Volz, Weiwei Wang, Marco Durante & Christian Graeff. (2023) Evaluation of proton and carbon ion beam models in TReatment Planning for Particles 4D (TRiP4D) referring to a commercial treatment planning system. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik.
Crossref
Kei Kubodera, Takumi Matsumoto, Kohei Yamaguchi, Ryo Yokota, Yudai Arai, Takahiro Makino, Takeshi Ohshima, Makoto Sakai, Akihiko Matsumura & Wataru Kada. (2023) Measurement of radiation-induced current through a SiC Schottky barrier diode in a clinical carbon beam cancer therapy field. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 540, pages 80-84.
Crossref
Qi Liu, Benno Rohrer, Sairos Safai, Damien Charles Weber, Antony John Lomax, Zhiling Chen & Michele Togno. (2023) Characterization of a Gd-based color CMOS detector for proton dosimetry. Radiation Measurements 164, pages 106945.
Crossref
D. Brügemann, B. Lehner, M. Kieser, J. Krisam, A. Hommertgen, C. Jaekel, S. B. Harrabi, K. Herfarth, G. Mechtesheimer, O. Sedlaczek, G. Egerer, A. Geisbüsch, M. Uhl, J. Debus & K. Seidensaal. (2022) Neoadjuvant irradiation of extremity soft tissue sarcoma with ions (Extrem-ion): study protocol for a randomized phase II pilot trial. BMC Cancer 22:1.
Crossref
Mohamed Abdul-Al, Morvarid Saeinasab, Adriana Zare, Masoumeh Barati, Shahryar Shakeri, Ehsan Keykhosravi, Madjid Momeni-Moghaddam, Mojgan Najafzadeh, Saeed Heidari Keshel, Gholamali Farzi & Farshid Sefat. (2022) Application of biomaterials for glioblastoma treatment: Promises, advances, and challenges. Materials Today Communications 33, pages 104562.
Crossref
Kohei Yamaguchi, Rio Yanagisawa, Kohei Osaki, Yuya Ohki, Akihiko Matsumura, Makoto Sakai, Takahiro Makino, Takeshi Ohshima & Wataru Kada. (2022) Linear energy transfer (LET) spectroscopy and relative biological effect estimation by SiC-based dosimeter at clinical carbon-beam cancer therapy field. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2326:1, pages 012015.
Crossref
Qi Liu, Liangde Gong, Xiufang Li, Martin Grossmann, Jie Wang, Mengya Guo, Shuaizhe Gu, Ye Lin, Manzhou Zhang, Yuehu Pu & Zhiling Chen. (2022) Performance of a scintillation imaging system for relative dosimetry in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1040, pages 167293.
Crossref
Katharina Seidensaal, Matthias Dostal, Jakob Liermann, Sebastian Adeberg, Fabian Weykamp, Maximillian P. Schmid, Christian Freudlsperger, Jürgen Hoffmann, Ivar Hompland, Klaus Herfarth, Jürgen Debus & Semi B. Harrabi. (2022) Inoperable or incompletely resected craniofacial osteosarcoma treated by particle radiotherapy. Frontiers in Oncology 12.
Crossref
Dr. Kim Melanie Kraus & Univ. Prof. Dr. Stephanie E. Combs. 2022. Principles and Practice of Particle Therapy. Principles and Practice of Particle Therapy 225 237 .
Mark WaddleMDMD & Robert MillerMD, MBA, FMD, MBA, F. 2022. Principles and Practice of Particle Therapy. Principles and Practice of Particle Therapy 165 175 .
Timothy D. Malouff, Christopher Serago & Daniel M. Trifiletti. 2022. Principles and Practice of Particle Therapy. Principles and Practice of Particle Therapy 1 9 .
Oliver Jäkel, Gerhard Kraft & Christian P. Karger. (2022) The history of ion beam therapy in Germany. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik 32:1, pages 6-22.
Crossref
Radhika Aiyappa-Maudsley, Anthony J Chalmers & Jason L Parsons. (2022) Factors affecting the radiation response in glioblastoma. Neuro-Oncology Advances 4:1.
Crossref
K. Seidensaal, M. Kieser, A. Hommertgen, C. Jaekel, S. B. Harrabi, K. Herfarth, G. Mechtesheimer, B. Lehner, M. Schneider, H. Nienhueser, S. Fröhling, G. Egerer, J. Debus & M. Uhl. (2021) Neoadjuvant irradiation of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma with ions (Retro-Ion): study protocol for a randomized phase II pilot trial. Trials 22:1.
Crossref
Xue Chen, Qi Yu, Ping Li & Shen Fu. (2021) Landscape of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer: Clinical Application and Translational Research. Frontiers in Oncology 11.
Crossref
Tanja Eichkorn, Laila König, Thomas Held, Patrick Naumann, Semi Harrabi, Malte Ellerbrock, Klaus Herfarth, Thomas Haberer & Jürgen Debus. (2021) Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy: One Decade of Research and Clinical Experience at Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 111:3, pages 597-609.
Crossref
S. E. Zuev & A. S. Tokarev. (2021) Skull base meningiomas: development of treatment methods. Russian journal of neurosurgery 23:3, pages 93-103.
Crossref
Katharina Seidensaal, Matthias Mattke, Sabine Haufe, Hendrik Rathke, Uwe Haberkorn, Nina Bougatf, Andreas Kudak, Claudia Blattmann, Susanne Oertel, Marietta Kirchner, Christopher Buesch, Meinhard Kieser, Klaus Herfarth, Andreas Kulozik, Jürgen Debus, Matthias Uhl & Semi B. Harrabi. (2021) The role of combined ion-beam radiotherapy (CIBRT) with protons and carbon ions in a multimodal treatment strategy of inoperable osteosarcoma. Radiotherapy and Oncology 159, pages 8-16.
Crossref
K. Seidensaal, S. B. Harrabi, F. Weykamp, K. Herfarth, T. Welzel, G. Mechtersheimer, B. Lehner, M. Schneider, S. Fröhling, G. Egerer, J. Debus & M. Uhl. (2020) Radiotherapy in the treatment of aggressive fibromatosis: experience from a single institution. Radiation Oncology 15:1.
Crossref
Takayuki Kanai, Athena Paz, Wataru Furuichi, Ching-Sheng Liu, Pengbo He & Shinichiro Mori. (2020) Four-dimensional carbon-ion pencil beam treatment planning comparison between robust optimization and range-adapted internal target volume for respiratory-gated liver and lung treatment. Physica Medica 80, pages 277-287.
Crossref
Jung-in Kim, Jong Min Park & Hong-Gyun Wu. (2020) Carbon Ion Therapy: A Review of an Advanced Technology. Progress in Medical Physics 31:3, pages 71-80.
Crossref
Lin Kong, Jinsong Wu, Jing Gao, Xianxin Qiu, Jing Yang, Jiyi Hu, Weixu Hu, Ying Mao & Jiade J. Lu. (2020) Particle radiation therapy in the management of malignant glioma: Early experience at the Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center. Cancer 126:12, pages 2802-2810.
Crossref
Victor M. Lu, Kyle P. O’Connor, Anita Mahajan, Matthew L. Carlson & Jamie J. Van Gompel. (2020) Carbon ion radiotherapy for skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis of local control, survival, and toxicity outcomes. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 147:3, pages 503-513.
Crossref
Timothy D. Malouff, Anita Mahajan, Sunil Krishnan, Chris Beltran, Danushka S. Seneviratne & Daniel Michael Trifiletti. (2020) Carbon Ion Therapy: A Modern Review of an Emerging Technology. Frontiers in Oncology 10.
Crossref
Lin Kong & JiadeJ Lu. (2020) Particle radiation therapy in the management of adult high-grade glioma: A narrative review. Glioma 3:4, pages 149.
Crossref
Lin Kong, Jing Gao, Jiyi Hu, Rong Lu, Jing Yang, Xianxin Qiu, Weixu Hu & Jiade J. Lu. (2019) Carbon ion radiotherapy boost in the treatment of glioblastoma: a randomized phase I/III clinical trial. Cancer Communications 39:1, pages 5.
Crossref
G. Vogin, A. Wambersie, M. Koto, T. Ohno, M. Uhl, P. Fossati & J. Balosso. (2019) A step towards international prospective trials in carbon ion radiotherapy: investigation of factors influencing dose distribution in the facilities in operation based on a case of skull base chordoma. Radiation Oncology 14:1.
Crossref
Timothy D. Malouff, Jennifer L. Peterson, Anita Mahajan & Daniel M. Trifiletti. (2019) Carbon ion radiotherapy in the treatment of gliomas: a review. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 145:2, pages 191-199.
Crossref
Katharina Seidensaal, Semi Ben Harrabi, Eberhard Scholz, Malte Ellerbrock, Thomas Haberer, Fabian Weykamp, Matthias Mattke, Stefan E. Welte, Klaus Herfarth, Jürgen Debus & Matthias Uhl. (2019) Active-Scanned Protons and Carbon Ions in Cancer Treatment of Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Experience of a Single Institution. Frontiers in Oncology 9.
Crossref
Mutsumi Tashiro, Yoshiki Kubota, Masami Torikoshi, Tatsuya Ohno & Takashi Nakano. (2019) Divided-volume matching technique for volume displacement estimation of patient positioning in radiation therapy. Physica Medica 62, pages 1-12.
Crossref
Jennifer Vogel, Ruben Carmona, Christopher G Ainsley & Robert A Lustig. (2019) The Promise of Proton Therapy for Central Nervous System Malignancies. Neurosurgery 84:5, pages 1000-1010.
Crossref
Christian D. Diehl, Lia M. Halasz, Jan J. Wilkens, Anca-Ligia Grosu & Stephanie E. Combs. (2019) The Role of Particle Therapy for the Treatment of Skull Base Tumors and Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 28:2, pages 49-61.
Crossref
G. Vogin, A. Wambersie, R. Pötter, M. Beuve, S.E. Combs, G. Magrin, R. Mayer, U. Mock, D. Sarrut, T. Schreiner, P. Fossati & J. Balosso. (2018) Concepts and terms for dose/volume parameters in carbon-ion radiotherapy: Conclusions of the ULICE taskforce. Cancer/Radiothérapie 22:8, pages 802-809.
Crossref
Osama Mohamad, Reiko Imai, Tadashi Kamada, Yuki Nitta & Nobuhito Araki. (2018) Carbon ion radiotherapy for inoperable pediatric osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 9:33, pages 22976-22985.
Crossref
Marco Durante & Jürgen Debus. (2018) Heavy Charged Particles: Does Improved Precision and Higher Biological Effectiveness Translate to Better Outcome in Patients?. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 28:2, pages 160-167.
Crossref
T Gehrke, C Amato, S Berke & M Martišíková. (2018) Theoretical and experimental comparison of proton and helium-beam radiography using silicon pixel detectors. Physics in Medicine & Biology 63:3, pages 035037.
Crossref
Tim Gehrke, Raya Gallas, Oliver Jäkel & Maria Martišíková. (2018) Proof of principle of helium-beam radiography using silicon pixel detectors for energy deposition measurement, identification, and tracking of single ions. Medical Physics 45:2, pages 817-829.
Crossref
Narongchai Autsavapromporn, Cuihua Liu & Teruaki Konishi. (2017) Impact of Co-Culturing with Fractionated Carbon-Ion-Irradiated Cancer Cells on Bystander Normal Cells and Their Progeny. Radiation Research 188:3, pages 335-341.
Crossref
T. Gehrke, L. Burigo, G. Arico, S. Berke, J. Jakubek, D. Turecek, T. Tessonnier, A. Mairani & M. Martišíková. (2017) Energy deposition measurements of single 1 H, 4 He and 12 C ions of therapeutic energies in a silicon pixel detector . Journal of Instrumentation 12:04, pages P04025-P04025.
Crossref
David R. Grosshans, Radhe Mohan, Vinai Gondi, Helen A. Shih, Anita Mahajan & Paul D. Brown. (2017) The role of image-guided intensity modulated proton therapy in glioma. Neuro-Oncology 19:suppl_2, pages ii30-ii37.
Crossref
Ester Orlandi, Nicola Alessandro Iacovelli, Maria Bonora, Anna Cavallo & Piero Fossati. (2016) Salivary Gland. Photon beam and particle radiotherapy: Present and future. Oral Oncology 60, pages 146-156.
Crossref
Ke Wang, Liang Wang, Zhen Wu, Kaibing Tian, Cong Ren, Guijun Jia, Liwei Zhang & Junting Zhang. (2016) Bone invasiveness is associated with prognosis in clivus chordomas. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 27, pages 147-152.
Crossref
Minoru Nakao, Satoshi Obara, Kuniaki Nabatame, Keiichi Akahane, Shigeru Sanada & Toshiyuki Shirai. (2016) Estimation of organ doses and effective doses in image-guided respiration-gated radiotherapy. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 168:1, pages 83-91.
Crossref
Christopher Kurz, Julia Bauer, Daniel Unholtz, Daniel Richter, Kristin Stützer, Christoph Bert & Katia Parodi. (2015) 4D offline PET-based treatment verification in scanned ion beam therapy: a phantom study. Physics in Medicine and Biology 60:16, pages 6227-6246.
Crossref
Christopher Kurz, Julia Bauer, Maurizio Conti, Laura Guérin, Lars Eriksson & Katia Parodi. (2015) Investigating the limits of PET/CT imaging at very low true count rates and high random fractions in ion-beam therapy monitoring. Medical Physics 42:7, pages 3979-3991.
Crossref
Daniel Habermehl, Martin Wagner, Malte Ellerbrock, Markus W. Büchler, Oliver Jäkel, Jürgen Debus & Stephanie E. Combs. (2014) Reirradiation Using Carbon Ions in Patients with Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer at HIT: First Results. Annals of Surgical Oncology 22:6, pages 2068-2074.
Crossref
Cody D Schlaff, Andra Krauze, Arnaud Belard, John J O’Connell & Kevin A Camphausen. (2014) Bringing the heavy: carbon ion therapy in the radiobiological and clinical context. Radiation Oncology 9:1.
Crossref
Angelika Höss, Christian Lampe, Ralf Panse, Benjamin Ackermann, Jakob Naumann & Oliver Jäkel. (2014) First experiences with the implementation of the European standard EN 62304 on medical device software for the quality assurance of a radiotherapy unit. Radiation Oncology 9:1.
Crossref
Ulrike Mock, Dietmar Georg, Lukas Sölkner, Christian Suppan, Stanislav M. Vatnitsky, Birgit Flechl, Ramona Mayer, Karin Dieckmann & Barbara Knäusl. (2014) Assessment of improved organ at risk sparing for meningioma: Light ion beam therapy as boost versus sole treatment option. Radiotherapy and Oncology 111:3, pages 451-456.
Crossref
Michael Orth, Kirsten Lauber, Maximilian Niyazi, Anna A. Friedl, Minglun Li, Cornelius Maihöfer, Lars Schüttrumpf, Anne Ernst, Olivier M. Niemöller & Claus Belka. (2013) Current concepts in clinical radiation oncology. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 53:1, pages 1-29.
Crossref
H. Nikjoo & T. Liamsuwan. 2014. Comprehensive Biomedical Physics. Comprehensive Biomedical Physics 65 104 .
Hiroshi Fujisawa, Paula C Genik, Hisashi Kitamura, Akira Fujimori, Mitsuru Uesaka & Takamitsu A Kato. (2013) Comparison of human chordoma cell-kill for 290 MeV/n carbon ions versus 70 MeV protons in vitro. Radiation Oncology 8:1.
Crossref
Stefan Rieken, Daniel Habermehl, Frederik L. Giesel, Christoph Hoffmann, Ute Burger, Harald Rief, Thomas Welzel, Uwe Haberkorn, Jürgen Debus & Stephanie E. Combs. (2013) Analysis of FET-PET imaging for target volume definition in patients with gliomas treated with conformal radiotherapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology 109:3, pages 487-492.
Crossref
Takuji Furukawa, Taku Inaniwa, Yousuke Hara, Kota Mizushima, Toshiyuki Shirai & Koji Noda. (2013) Patient-specific QA and delivery verification of scanned ion beam at NIRS-HIMAC. Medical Physics 40:12, pages 121707.
Crossref
T Friedrich, R Grün, U Scholz, T Elsässer, M Durante & M Scholz. (2013) Sensitivity analysis of the relative biological effectiveness predicted by the local effect model. Physics in Medicine and Biology 58:19, pages 6827-6849.
Crossref
D. Habermehl, K. Henkner, S. Ecker, O. Jakel, J. Debus & S. E. Combs. (2013) Evaluation of different fiducial markers for image-guided radiotherapy and particle therapy. Journal of Radiation Research 54:suppl 1, pages i61-i68.
Crossref
U. Amaldi & G. Magrin. 2013. Accelerators and Colliders. Accelerators and Colliders 488 513 .
Stefan Rieken, Daniel Habermehl, Thomas Haberer, Oliver Jaekel, Jürgen Debus & Stephanie E Combs. (2012) Proton and carbon ion radiotherapy for primary brain tumors delivered with active raster scanning at the Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT): early treatment results and study concepts. Radiation Oncology 7:1.
Crossref
Stephanie E Combs, Kerstin A Kessel, Klaus Herfarth, Alexandra Jensen, Susanne Oertel, Claudia Blattmann, Swantje Ecker, Angelika Hoess, Eike Martin, Olaf Witt, Oliver Jäkel, Andreas E Kulozik & Jürgen Debus. (2012) Treatment of pediatric patients and young adults with particle therapy at the Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT): establishment of workflow and initial clinical data. Radiation Oncology 7:1.
Crossref
Kerstin A Kessel, Nina Bougatf, Christian Bohn, Daniel Habermehl, Dieter Oetzel, Rolf Bendl, Uwe Engelmann, Roberto Orecchia, Piero Fossati, Richard Pötter, Manjit Dosanjh, Jürgen Debus & Stephanie E Combs. (2012) Connection of European particle therapy centers and generation of a common particle database system within the European ULICE-framework. Radiation Oncology 7:1.
Crossref
Eleanor A. Blakely. (2012) Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Health Physics 103:5, pages 508-528.
Crossref
Daniel Habermehl, Florian Blachutzik, Swantje Ecker, Jan-Oliver Dittmar, Stefan Rieken, Jürgen Debus, Thomas Welzel & Stephanie E Combs. (2018) Early Treatment Response of a Rare Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region after Primary Proton-Beam Therapy using the Raster-Scanning Technique at HIT. Tumori Journal 98:5, pages e122-e125.
Crossref
C Kurz, A Mairani & K Parodi. (2012) First experimental-based characterization of oxygen ion beam depth dose distributions at the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center. Physics in Medicine and Biology 57:15, pages 5017-5034.
Crossref
Stefan Rieken, Daniel Habermehl, Lena Wuerth, Stephan Brons, Angela Mohr, Katja Lindel, Klaus Weber, Thomas Haberer, Jürgen Debus & Stephanie E. Combs. (2012) Carbon Ion Irradiation Inhibits Glioma Cell Migration Through Downregulation of Integrin Expression. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 83:1, pages 394-399.
Crossref
A. StreitbuergerH. AhrensG. GoshegerM. HenrichsM. BalkeR. DieckmannJ. Hardes. (2012) The treatment of locally recurrent chondrosarcoma. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 94-B:1, pages 122-127.
Crossref
Bernd Schmidt & Klaus WetzigBernd Schmidt & Klaus Wetzig. 2013. Ion Beams in Materials Processing and Analysis. Ion Beams in Materials Processing and Analysis 377 411 .
A Gemmel, E Rietzel, G Kraft, M Durante & C Bert. (2011) Calculation and experimental verification of the RBE-weighted dose for scanned ion beams in the presence of target motion. Physics in Medicine and Biology 56:23, pages 7337-7351.
Crossref
Takamitsu A Kato, Akihisa Tsuda, Mitsuru Uesaka, Akira Fujimori, Tadashi Kamada, Hirohiko Tsujii & Ryuichi Okayasu. (2011) In vitro characterization of cells derived from chordoma cell line U-CH1 following treatment with X-rays, heavy ions and chemotherapeutic drugs. Radiation Oncology 6:1.
Crossref
S.E. Combs, D. Habermehl, J. Werner, M.W. Büchler & J. Debus. (2011) Strategien für präoperatives Downsizing bei inoperablem PankreaskarzinomStrategies for preoperative downsizing in patients with local nonresectable pancreatic cancer. Der Chirurg 82:11, pages 981-988.
Crossref
Yuki KASE, Takeshi HIMUKAI, Ai NAGANO, Yuji TAMESHIGE, Shinichi MINOHARA, Naruhiro MATSUFUJI, Junetsu MIZOE, Piero FOSSATI, Azusa HASEGAWA & Tatsuaki KANAI. (2011) Preliminary Calculation of RBE-weighted Dose Distribution for Cerebral Radionecrosis in Carbon-ion Treatment Planning. Journal of Radiation Research 52:6, pages 789-796.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.