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International Audiology Volume 4, 1965 - Issue 1
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Original Article

Electromyography of the Tympanic Muscles in Man

Gisle Djupesland E.N.T. Dept. Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
Pages 34-41 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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>S.E.M. Jones, M.J. Mason, V.S. Sunkaraneni & D.M. Baguley. (2008) The effect of auditory stimulation on the tensor tympani in patients following stapedectomy. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 128:3, pages 250-254.
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A. Ciardo, W. Garavello, A. Rossetti, P. V. Manghisi, S. Merola & R. M. Gaini. (2003) The Reversed Ipsilateral Acoustic Reflex: Clinical Features and Kinetic Analysis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 123:1, pages 65-70.
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Kenneth J. Gerhardt & Joseph P. Walton. (1986) Binaural Acoustic Reflex Activity following Monaural Noise Exposure in Decerebrate Chinchillas1 : Activité du réflexe acoustique binaural chez des chinchillas décérebrés après exposition à un bruit monaural. Audiology 25:4-5, pages 309-320.
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Peter Howell, Robert J. Marchbanks & Nirit El-Yann. (1986) Middle Ear Muscle Activity During Vocalization in Normal Speakers and Stutterers. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 102:5-6, pages 396-402.
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B. A. Stach, J. F. Jerger & H. A. Jenkins. (1984) The Human Acoustic Tensor Tympani Reflex A Case Report. Scandinavian Audiology 13:2, pages 93-99.
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Iwao Honjo, K. Ushiro, T. Haji, T. Nozoe & H. Matsui. (1983) Role of the Tensor Tympani Muscle in Eustachian Tube Function I. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 95:1-4, pages 329-332.
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A. L. Corcoran, V. C. G. Cleaver & S. D. G. Stephens. (1980) Attention, Eye Closure and the Acoustic Reflex. Audiology 19:3, pages 233-244.
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F. Zito & M. Roberto. (1980) The Acoustic Reflex Pattern Studied by the Averaging Technique. Audiology 19:5, pages 395-403.
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B. Salén & J. E. Zakrisson. (1978) Electromyogram Of The Tensor Tympani Muscle In Man During Swallowing. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 85:1-6, pages 453-455.
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. (1977) References. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 84:sup353, pages 24-37.
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M. Casselbrant, S. Ingelstedt & A. Ivarsson. (1977) Volume Displacement of the Tympanic Membrane in the Sitting Position as a Function of Middle Ear Muscle Activity A Quantitative Microflow Method. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 84:1-6, pages 402-413.
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A. Yonovitz. (1976) Classical Conditioning of the Stapedius Muscle. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 82:1-6, pages 11-15.
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J.-E. Zakrisson, E. Borg & S. Blom. (1974) The Acoustic Impedance Change as a Measure of Stapedius Muscle Activity in Man A Methodological Study with Electromyography. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 78:1-6, pages 357-364.
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J. L. Peterson & G. Lidén. (1972) Some static characteristics of the stapedial muscle reflex. Audiology 11:1-2, pages 97-114.
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G. Djupesland & J. J. Zwislocki. (1971) Effect of Temporal Summation on the Human Stapedius Reflex. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 71:1-6, pages 262-265.
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H. McRobert, M. E. Bryan & W. Tempest. (1969) The Effect of Middle Ear Muscle Contractions on Sound Transmission Through the Human Ear. International Audiology 8:4, pages 557-562.
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R. Sato & Y. Ono. (1969) The Displacement of the Stapes by the Reflex of the Human Stapedius Muscle. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 68:1-6, pages 509-513.
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H. Ekeland Grönås, Quist-Hanssen & A. Bjelde. (1968) Delayed Speech Feedback in Normal Hearing and Conductive Hearing Loss, with and without a Functioning Stapedius Muscle. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 66:1-6, pages 241-247.
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E. B. Neergaard & P. E. Rasmussen. (1967) Extratympanic Phonometry. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 63:sup224, pages 372-375.
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Heath G. Jones, Nathaniel T. Greene & William A. Ahroon. (2019) Human middle-ear muscles rarely contract in anticipation of acoustic impulses: Implications for hearing risk assessments. Hearing Research 378, pages 53-62.
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Arnaud J. Noreña, Philippe Fournier, Alain Londero, Damien Ponsot & Nicolas Charpentier. (2018) An Integrative Model Accounting for the Symptom Cluster Triggered After an Acoustic Shock. Trends in Hearing 22, pages 233121651880172.
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M J Mason & M R B Farr. (2012) Flexibility within the middle ears of vertebrates. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127:1, pages 2-14.
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Alberto Ciardo, Werner Garavello, Marina Leva, Bruno Graziano & Renato Maria Gaini. (2005) Reversed Ipsilateral Acoustic Reflex: A Study on Subjects Treated With Muscle Relaxants. Ear and Hearing 26:1, pages 96-103.
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M Trapanotto, F Benini, M Farina, D Gobber, V Magnavita & F Zacchello. (2004) Behavioural and physiological reactivity to noise in the newborn. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 40:5-6, pages 275-281.
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H. Lacombe. 1997. Hemifacial Spasm. Hemifacial Spasm 9 16 .
A. VAN BOXTEL, E. J. P. DAMEN & C. H. M. BRUNIA. (2007) Anticipatory EMG responses of pericranial muscles in relation to heart rate during a warned simple reaction time task. Psychophysiology 33:5, pages 576-583.
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Tetsuaki Kawase & Tomonori Takasaka. (1995) The effect of contralateral noise on masked compound action potential in humans. Hearing Research 91:1-2, pages 1-6.
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Barry H. Cohen, Richard J. Davidson, Joseph A. Senulis, Clifford D. Saron & Douglas R. Weisman. (1992) Muscle tension patterns during auditory attention. Biological Psychology 33:2-3, pages 133-156.
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Robert H. Margolis & Samuel C. Levine. (1991) Acoustic Reflex Measures in Audiologic Evaluation. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 24:2, pages 329-347.
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John J. GuinanJr.Jr. & Michael P. McCueP. (1987) Asymmetries in the acoustic reflexes of the cat stapedius muscle. Hearing Research 26:1, pages 1-10.
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Kathleen C. Horner. (1986) The tensor tympani muscle reflex in the mouse. Hearing Research 24:2, pages 117-123.
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B. Conrad, R. Benecke & G. Dieckmann. 1985. Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Nervensystem Neurotoxikologie Probleme des Hirntodes. Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Nervensystem Neurotoxikologie Probleme des Hirntodes 666 670 .
B. A. Stach, J. F. Jerger & H. A. Jenkins. (1984) The Human Acoustic Tensor Tympani Reflex A Case Report . International Journal of Audiology 13:2, pages 93-99.
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M.E. Lutman & A.M. Martin. (1979) Development of an electroacoustic analogue model of the middle ear and acoustic reflex. Journal of Sound and Vibration 64:1, pages 133-157.
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Peter W. Alberti. (1978) The Diagnostic Role of Stapedius Reflex Estimations. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 11:2, pages 251-261.
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Donald B. Kamerer. (2009) Electromyographic Correlation of Tensor Tympani and Tensor Veli Palatini Muscles in Man. The Laryngoscope 88:4, pages 651-662.
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J. Thom LoveJr.Jr. & Richard W. Stream. (2009) The biphasic acoustic reflex: A new perspective. The Laryngoscope 88:2, pages 298-313.
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M.E. Lutman & A.M. Martin. (1977) The response of the acoustic reflex as a function of the intensity and temporal characteristics of pulsed stimuli. Journal of Sound and Vibration 54:3, pages 345-360.
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Moshe Abeles, GÖran Bredberg, Robert A. Butler, John H. Casseday, John E. Desmedt, Irving T. Diamond, Solomon D. Erulkar, E. F. Evans, Jay M. Goldberg, Moise H. GoldsteinJr.Jr., David M. Green, Ivan M. Hunter-Duvar, Lloyd A. Jeffress, William D. Neff, William A. Yost & E. ZwickerJohn E. Desmedt. 1975. Auditory System. Auditory System 219 246 .
J. B. Booth. (2007) Tympanoplasty: Factors in post-operative assessment. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 87:1, pages 27-67.
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John Bench. (2007) Anticipatory elicitation of the middle-ear muscle reflex. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 85:11, pages 1161-1165.
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P. F. Brasher, R. R. A. Coles, M. A. Elwood & H. M. Ferres. (1969) The Influence of Middle-Ear Activity on Auditory Threshold Shifts Induced by Noise. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 115:4, pages 172-186.
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H. McRobert, M.E. Bryan & W. Tempest. (1969) The role of middle ear muscle contractions in contralateral remote masking. Journal of Sound and Vibration 10:2, pages 305-316.
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H. -J. Gerhardt & H. Wagner. (1966) Zum einflu\ der binnenohrmuskelfunktion auf die l�rmseh�dlichkeitsschwelle f�r kontinuierliche t�ne und ger�usche beim Meerschweinchen. Archiv f�r Klinische und Experimentelle Ohren- Nasen- und Kehlkopfheilkunde 186:3, pages 207-215.
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