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Original Article

Geochemistry and mineralogy of soils eaten by humans

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Pages 293-305 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (10)

Irene U. Sumbele, Veronica Mpode Ngole & Georges-Ivo E. Ekosse. (2014) Influence of physico-chemistry and mineralogy on the occurrence of geohelminths in geophagic soils from selected communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, and their possible implication on human health. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 24:1, pages 18-30.
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M.L. Diko. (2013) From source to basin of deposition: influence of transportation and digenesis on geophagic properties of soil. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 68:3, pages 183-191.
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Ndze Denis Jumbam. (2013) Geophagic materials: the possible effects of their chemical composition on human health. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 68:3, pages 177-182.
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N.M. Reeuwijk, W.N.M. Klerx, M. Kooijman, L.A.P. Hoogenboom, I.M.C.M. Rietjens & M.J. Martena. (2013) Levels of lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium in clays for oral use on the Dutch market and estimation of associated risks. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30:9, pages 1535-1545.
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Odilon Jean Richard Kikouama & Lamine Balde. (2010) From edible clay to a clay-containing formulation for optimization of oral delivery of some trace elements: a review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 61:8, pages 803-822.
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LyndaB. Williams & ShelleyE. Haydel. (2010) Evaluation of the medicinal use of clay minerals as antibacterial agents. International Geology Review 52:7-8, pages 745-770.
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SisaiF. Mpuchane, Georges-IvoE. Ekosse, BerhanuA. Gashe, Isaac Morobe & StephanH. Coetzee. (2010) Microbiological characterisation of southern African medicinal and cosmetic clays. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 20:1, pages 27-41.
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J. R. Odilon Kikouama, F. Le Cornec, S. Bouttier, A. Launay, L. Baldé & N. Yagoubi. (2009) Evaluation of trace elements released by edible clays in physicochemically simulated physiological media. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60:2, pages 130-142.
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WilliamC. Mahaney, MichaelW. Milner, Mulyono Hs, R. G. V. Hancock, Susanne Aufreiter, Matthias Reich & Michael Wink. (2000) Mineral and chemical analyses of soils eaten by humans in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 10:2, pages 93-109.
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Articles from other publishers (41)

Theophilus C. Davies. (2023) Current status of research and gaps in knowledge of geophagic practices in Africa. Frontiers in Nutrition 9.
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Mengist Teklay, Jeffrey T. Thole, Ngatuuanevi Ndumbu, Julian Vries & Klaus Mezger. (2023) Mineralogical and chemical characterization of ochres used by the Himba and Nama people of Namibia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 47, pages 103690.
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Iyobosa Timothy Asowata. (2021) Geophagic clay around Uteh-Uzalla near Benin: mineral and trace elements compositions and possible health implications. SN Applied Sciences 3:5.
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Celso S. F. Gomes, Michel Rautureau, Jorge H. C. Gomes & Eduardo A. F. Silva. 2021. Minerals latu sensu and Human Health. Minerals latu sensu and Human Health 271 375 .
Celso S. F. Gomes & Michel Rautureau. 2021. Minerals latu sensu and Human Health. Minerals latu sensu and Human Health 195 269 .
Vinciane Fack, Sam Shanee, Régine Vercauteren Drubbel, Martine Vercauteren & Hélène Meunier. (2020) Geophagy in the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) at La Esperanza, Peru: site characterization and soil composition. Primates 61:3, pages 507-518.
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Brandon Pierce Semel, Andrea Lee Baden, Rachael Lee Salisbury, Elizabeth M. McGee, Patricia Chapple Wright & Summer Joyce Arrigo‐Nelson. (2019) Assessing the function of geophagy in a Malagasy rain forest lemur. Biotropica 51:5, pages 769-780.
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Vernon Reynolds, Alejandra Pascual‐Garrido, Andrew W. Lloyd, Peter Lyons & Catherine Hobaiter. (2019) Possible mineral contributions to the diet and health of wild chimpanzees in three East African forests. American Journal of Primatology, pages e978.
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Şaziye Betül SOPACI. (2019) Evaluation of Chemical and Mineralogical Structure of Davutoğlan Bird Sanctuary Clay for It’s Antimicrobial EfficiencyDavutoğlan Kuş Cenneti Kilinin Kimyasal ve Mineralojik Yapısının Antimikrobiyal Etkinliği Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 23, pages 147-154.
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Catherine C. Ikewuchi, Jude C. Ikewuchi, Ugochukwu K. Ezeka & Mercy O. Ifeanacho. (2019) Effect of “edible clay” (takere) suspension on serum lipid profiles and atherogenic indices of normal Wistar rats. Food Science & Nutrition 7:3, pages 977-986.
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Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky, Margarita Darder, Bernd Wicklein, Fidel Antonio Castro-Smirnov & Pilar Aranda. (2019) CLAY-BASED BIOHYBRID MATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS. Clays and Clay Minerals 67:1, pages 44-58.
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Celso de Sousa Figueiredo Gomes. (2017) Healing and edible clays: a review of basic concepts, benefits and risks. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 40:5, pages 1739-1765.
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Rolf Nieder, Dinesh K. Benbi & Franz X. ReichlRolf Nieder, Dinesh K. Benbi & Franz X. Reichl. 2018. Soil Components and Human Health. Soil Components and Human Health 35 97 .
Emmanuel Arhin & Musah S. Zango. (2016) Determination of trace elements and their concentrations in clay balls: problem of geophagia practice in Ghana. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 39:1, pages 1-14.
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Anil GuptaAnil Gupta. 2017. Nutritional Anemia in Preschool Children. Nutritional Anemia in Preschool Children 47 118 .
Gretchen Seim, Elad Tako, Cedric Ahn, Raymond Glahn & Sera Young. (2016) A Novel in Vivo Model for Assessing the Impact of Geophagic Earth on Iron Status. Nutrients 8:6, pages 362.
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Hans-Rudolf Wenk & Andrey Bulakh. 2020. Minerals. Minerals.
Veronica Ngole-Jeme & Georges-Ivo Ekosse. (2015) A Comparative Analyses of Granulometry, Mineral Composition and Major and Trace Element Concentrations in Soils Commonly Ingested by Humans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12:8, pages 8933-8955.
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H. Eijsackers, F.A. Swartjes, L. van Rensburg & M.S. Maboeta. (2014) The need for attuned soil quality risk assessment for non-Western humans and ecosystems, exemplified by mining areas in South Africa. Environmental Science & Policy 44, pages 174-180.
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A. S. Olatunji, J. O. Olajide-Kayode & A. F. Abimbola. (2014) Evaluation of geochemical characteristics and health effects of some geophagic clays southern Nigeria. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 36:6, pages 1105-1114.
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A. M. Panichev, K. S. Golokhvast, A. N. Gulkov & I. Yu. Chekryzhov. (2012) Geophagy in animals and geology of kudurs (mineral licks): a review of Russian publications. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 35:1, pages 133-152.
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Celso de Sousa Figueiredo Gomes. (2013) Naturotherapies Based on Minerals. Geomaterials 03:01, pages 1-14.
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Gretchen L. Seim, Cedric I. Ahn, Mary S. Bodis, Flavia Luwedde, Dennis D. Miller, Stephen Hillier, Elad Tako, Raymond P. Glahn & Sera L. Young. (2013) Bioavailability of iron in geophagic earths and clay minerals, and their effect on dietary iron absorption using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Food & Function 4:8, pages 1263.
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Peter W. Abrahams. 2013. Essentials of Medical Geology. Essentials of Medical Geology 433 454 .
G.E. Ekosse & V.M. Ngole. (2012) Mineralogy, geochemistry and provenance of geophagic soils from Swaziland. Applied Clay Science 57, pages 25-31.
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Paula A. Pebsworth, Massimo Bardi & Michael A. Huffman. (2011) Geophagy in chacma baboons: patterns of soil consumption by age class, sex, and reproductive state. American Journal of Primatology 74:1, pages 48-57.
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J. D. Stephenson, A. Mills, J. J. Eksteen, A. V. Milewski & J. G. Myburgh. (2010) Geochemistry of mineral licks at Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 33:1, pages 49-53.
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Sera L. Young, M. Jeffrey Wilson, Stephen Hillier, Evelyne Delbos, Said M. Ali & Rebecca J. Stoltzfus. (2010) Differences and Commonalities in Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Properties of Zanzibari Geophagic Soils. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36:1, pages 129-140.
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Caroline Habold, François Reichardt, Yvon Le Maho, Fabielle Angel, Nicole Liewig, Jean-Hervé Lignot & Hugues Oudart. (2009) Clay ingestion enhances intestinal triacylglycerol hydrolysis and non-esterified fatty acid absorption. British Journal of Nutrition 102:2, pages 249-257.
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V. Höllriegl, M. Greiter, A. Giussani, U. Gerstmann, B. Michalke, P. Roth & U. Oeh. (2007) Observation of changes in urinary excretion of thorium in humans following ingestion of a therapeutic soil. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 95:2-3, pages 149-160.
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Yewelsew Abebe, Alemtsehay Bogale, K. Michael Hambidge, Barbara J. Stoecker, Karl Bailey & Rosalind S. Gibson. (2007) Phytate, zinc, iron and calcium content of selected raw and prepared foods consumed in rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia, and implications for bioavailability. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20:3-4, pages 161-168.
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Trevor Stokes. (2006) The earth-eaters. Nature 444:7119, pages 543-544.
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William C. Mahaney, Michael W. Milner, Susanne Aufreiter, R. G. V. Hancock, Richard Wrangham & Sean Campbell. (2005) Soils Consumed by Chimpanzees of the Kanyawara Community in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 26:6, pages 1375-1398.
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P.S. Hooda, C.J.K. Henry, T.A. Seyoum, L.D.M. Armstrong & M.B. Fowler. (2004) The potential impact of soil ingestion on human mineral nutrition. Science of The Total Environment 333:1-3, pages 75-87.
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Hans-Rudolf Wenk & Andrei Bulakh. 2013. Minerals. Minerals 558 569 .
Nathaniel J. Dominy, Estelle Davoust & Mans Minekus. (2004) Adaptive function of soil consumption: an in vitro study modeling the human stomach and small intestine . Journal of Experimental Biology 207:2, pages 319-324.
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Susan Allport. (2002) Women Who Eat Dirt. Gastronomica 2:2, pages 28-37.
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J. Voros, W. C. Mahaney, M. W. Milner, R. Krishnamani, S. Aufreiter & R. G. V. Hancock. (2001) Geophagy by the bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) of southern India: A preliminary analysis. Primates 42:4, pages 327-344.
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B. SMITH, B. G. RAWLINS, M. J. A. R. CORDEIRO, M. G. HUTCHINS, J. V. TIBERINDWA, L. SSERUNJOGI & A. M. TOMKINS. (2022) The bioaccessibility of essential and potentially toxic trace elements in tropical soils from Mukono District, Uganda. Journal of the Geological Society 157:4, pages 885-891.
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Conor Reilly & Jeya Henry. (2001) Geophagia: why do humans consume soil?. Nutrition Bulletin 25:2, pages 141-144.
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R. Krishnamani & William C. Mahaney. (2000) Geophagy among primates: adaptive significance and ecological consequences. Animal Behaviour 59:5, pages 899-915.
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