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Resource Document

EMS Spinal Precautions and the Use of the Long Backboard –Resource Document to the Position Statement of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma

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Emil Matias Henriksen, Marius Auflem & Martin Steinert. (2023) A pain in the neck: prototyping and testing of a patient simulator neck for spinal immobilization training. Design for Health 7:1, pages 42-63.
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Helen Sun, James Wilson, Mary Joan Roach, Mohamed Samir Hefzy & Greg Nemunaitis. (2021) Demonstration of pressure reduction in a new proof of concept spine board. Assistive Technology 33:6, pages 341-349.
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Neil McDonald, Dean Kriellaars, Erin Weldon & Rob Pryce. (2021) Head-Neck Motion in Prehospital Trauma Patients under Spinal Motion Restriction: A Pilot Study. Prehospital Emergency Care 25:1, pages 117-124.
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Caleb E. Ward, Gia Marissa Badolato, Kristen Breslin, Kathleen Brown & Joelle N. Simpson. (2019) Evaluation of a Selective Prehospital Pediatric Spinal Protection Protocol. Prehospital Emergency Care 23:6, pages 862-869.
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Florent Thézard, Neil McDonald, Dean Kriellaars, Gordon Giesbrecht, Erin Weldon & Rob T. Pryce. (2019) Effects of Spinal Immobilization and Spinal Motion Restriction on Head-Neck Kinematics during Ambulance Transport. Prehospital Emergency Care 23:6, pages 811-819.
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Peter E. Fischer, Debra G. Perina, Theodore R. Delbridge, Mary E. Fallat, Jeffrey P. Salomone, Jimm Dodd, Eileen M. Bulger & Mark L. Gestring. (2018) Spinal Motion Restriction in the Trauma Patient – A Joint Position Statement. Prehospital Emergency Care 22:6, pages 659-661.
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Brian M. Clemency, Christopher T. Tanski, Jennifer Gibson Chambers, Michael O'Brien, Andrew S. Knapp, Alexander J. Clark, Patrick McGoff, Johanna Innes, Heather A. Lindstrom & David Hostler. (2018) Compulsory Use of the Backboard is Associated with Increased Frequency of Thoracolumbar Imaging. Prehospital Emergency Care 22:4, pages 506-510.
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Ahmad Maarouf, Colleen M. McQuown, Jennifer A. Frey, Rami A. Ahmed & Lisa Derrick. (2017) Iatrogenic Spinal Cord Injury in a Trauma Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Prehospital Emergency Care 21:3, pages 390-394.
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Whitney Jones Rhodes, David Steinbruner, Lani Finck & Kathleen Flarity. (2016) Community Implementation of a Prehospital Spinal Immobilization Guideline. Prehospital Emergency Care 20:6, pages 792-797.
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Greg Nemunaitis, Mary Joan Roach, Mohamed Samir Hefzy & Melvin Mejia. (2016) Redesign of a spine board: Proof of concept evaluation. Assistive Technology 28:3, pages 144-151.
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Articles from other publishers (50)

Tessa Breeding, Hazem Nasef, Quratulain Amin, Chadwick Smith & Adel Elkbuli. (2023) Pediatric trauma population spine immobilization during resuscitation: A call for improved guidelines. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine.
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Susan Jao, Zhe Wang, Ambika Mukhi, Neeta Chaudhary, Jonathan Martin, Victoria Yuan, Robert Laskowski, Emily Huang, James Vosswinkel, Adam J Singer & Randeep Jawa. (2023) Radiographic cervical spine injury patterns in admitted blunt trauma patients with and without prehospital spinal motion restriction. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 8:1, pages e001092.
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Christopher M. Wend, Ryan B. Fransman & Elliott R. Haut. (2023) Prehospital Trauma Care. Surgical Clinics of North America.
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Christopher Bond, Suchisimita Datta & William K. Milne. (2023) Hot off the press: Prehospital cervical spine immobilization. Academic Emergency Medicine.
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Yaakov Eyal, Nir Tsur, Sami Gendler, Ofer Almog & Zivan Beer. (2023) Spinal Backboard—Necessity or Hazard? The IDF Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policy. Military Medicine 188:7-8, pages e1781-e1787.
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Neil McDonald, Dean Kriellaars & Rob T. Pryce. (2023) Patterns of change in prehospital spinal motion restriction: A retrospective database review. Academic Emergency Medicine 30:7, pages 698-708.
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Heiko Trentzsch. (2023) Ruhigstellung der Halswirbelsäule in der PräklinikImmobilization of the cervical spine in the prehospital phase. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 26:4, pages 275-281.
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Fiona Heaney, Yvonne Conway & Stefanie Cormack. 2023. Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing. Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing 215 239 .
Neil McDonald, Dean Kriellaars & Rob T. Pryce. (2022) Paramedic attitudes towards prehospital spinal care: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Emergency Medicine 22:1.
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Timothy Y. Wang, Christine Park, Hanci Zhang, Shervin Rahimpour, Kelly R. Murphy, C. Rory Goodwin, Isaac O. Karikari, Khoi D. Than, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Norah Foster & Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr. (2021) Management of Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Surgery 8.
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Zachary J. Eisner, Peter G. Delaney, Patricia Widder, Ilyas S. Aleem, Denise G. Tate, Krishnan Raghavendran & John W. Scott. (2021) Prehospital care for traumatic spinal cord injury by first responders in 8 sub-Saharan African countries and 6 other low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. African Journal of Emergency Medicine 11:3, pages 339-346.
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Olivia Serigano & Matthew Riscinti. (2020) Cervical Spine Motion Restriction After Blunt Trauma. Academic Emergency Medicine 28:4, pages 472-474.
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Albraa Shodari, Majdah Almaghrabi, Sarah Basindwah, Banan Alhazmi & Salah Fallatah. (2021) Techniques and tools used in trauma patients transfer: a review. Saudi Journal of Emergency Medicine, pages 85-91.
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Timothy Y. Wang, Vikram A. Mehta, Tara Dalton, Eric W. Sankey, C. Rory Goodwin, Isaac O. Karikari, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Khoi D. Than & Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr. (2021) Biomechanics, evaluation, and management of subaxial cervical spine injuries: A comprehensive review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 83, pages 131-139.
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Andrew Platt, Arjang Ahmadpour & Julian E. Bailes. 2021. Fractures in Sport. Fractures in Sport 307 321 .
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Eric S. Weinstein, Joseph L. Cuthbertson, Luca Ragazzoni & Manuela Verde. (2020) A T2 Translational Science Modified Delphi Study: Spinal Motion Restriction in a Resource-Scarce Environment. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35:5, pages 538-545.
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Ron Courson, James Ellis, Stanley A. Herring, Barry P. Boden, Glenn Henry, Darryl Conway, Lance McNamara, Timothy L. Neal, Margot Putukian, Allen K. Sills & Kimberly P. Walpert. (2020) Best Practices and Current Care Concepts in Prehospital Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete in American Tackle Football March 2–3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Journal of Athletic Training 55:6, pages 545-562.
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Christian Vaillancourt, Manya Charette, Monica Taljaard, Kednapa Thavorn, Elizabeth Hall, Brent McLeod, Dean Fergusson, Jamie Brehaut, Ian Graham, Lisa Calder, Tim Ramsay, Peter Tugwell, Peter Kelly, Sheldon Cheskes, Refik Saskin, Amy Plint, Martin Osmond, Colin Macarthur, Sharon Straus, Paula Rochon, Denis Prud'homme, Simone Dahrouge, Susan Marlin & Ian G Stiell. (2020) Pragmatic Strategy Empowering Paramedics to Assess Low-Risk Trauma Patients With the Canadian C-Spine Rule and Selectively Transport Them Without Immobilization: Protocol for a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial. JMIR Research Protocols 9:6, pages e16966.
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Rafael A. Núñez-Patiño, Andres M. Rubiano & Daniel Agustin Godoy. (2019) Impact of Cervical Collars on Intracranial Pressure Values in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Neurocritical Care 32:2, pages 469-477.
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Jennifer A. Newberry, Corey B. Bills, Loretta Matheson, Xinyuan Zhang, Aruna Gimkala, G.V. Ramana Rao, Srinivasa R. Janagama, Swaminatha V. Mahadevan & Matthew C. Strehlow. (2020) A profile of traumatic injury in the prehospital setting in India: A prospective observational study across seven states. Injury 51:2, pages 286-293.
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Brenden J. Balcik & Aaron J. Monseau. 2020. Sports-related Fractures, Dislocations and Trauma. Sports-related Fractures, Dislocations and Trauma 25 33 .
Edward M. DelSole, Brendan Gleason, Nikhil Grandhi, Dhruv K. C. Goyal, Alpesh A. Patel & Gregory D. Schroeder. 2020. Spinal Conditions in the Athlete. Spinal Conditions in the Athlete 171 181 .
Darryl ConwayEllen K. PayneEdward StrappJames R. Scifers. (2019) Spinal Immobilization. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care 11:2, pages 53-56.
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Salam Rahmatalla, Jonathan DeShaw, Joshua Stilley, Gerene Denning & Charles Jennissen. (2019) Comparing the Efficacy of Methods for Immobilizing the Cervical Spine. Spine 44:1, pages 32-40.
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J. G. ten Brinke, S. R. Groen, M. Dehnad, T. P. Saltzherr, M. Hogervorst & J. C. Goslings. (2018) Prehospital care of spinal injuries: a historical quest for reasoning and evidence. European Spine Journal 27:12, pages 2999-3006.
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Francis X. Feld. (2018) Removal of the Long Spine Board From Clinical Practice: A Historical Perspective. Journal of Athletic Training 53:8, pages 752-755.
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Sandra Larson, Andrew U. Delnat & Jill Moore. (2018) The Use of Clinical Cervical Spine Clearance in Trauma Patients: A Literature Review. Journal of Emergency Nursing 44:4, pages 368-374.
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Salam Rahmatalla, Jonathan DeShaw, Joshua Stilley, Gerene Denning & Charles Jennissen. (2018) Comparing the Efficacy of Methods for Immobilizing the Thoracic-Lumbar Spine. Air Medical Journal 37:3, pages 178-185.
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Preston J. Fedor, Brian Burns, Michael Lauria & Clare Richmond. (2018) Major Trauma Outside a Trauma Center. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 36:1, pages 203-218.
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Pål Johan Stokkeland, Erlend Andersen, Maria Myhre Bjørndal, Arne Morten Mikalsen, Sindre Aslaksen & Per Kristian Hyldmo. (2017) Maintaining immobilisation devices on trauma patients during CT: a feasibility study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 25:1.
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Daniel K Kornhall, Jørgen Joakim Jørgensen, Tor Brommeland, Per Kristian Hyldmo, Helge Asbjørnsen, Thomas Dolven, Thomas Hansen & Elisabeth Jeppesen. (2017) The Norwegian guidelines for the prehospital management of adult trauma patients with potential spinal injury. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 25:1.
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Lorin R. Browne, Hamilton Schwartz, Fahd A. Ahmad, Michael Wallendorf, Nathan Kuppermann, E. Brooke Lerner & Julie C. Leonard. (2017) Interobserver Agreement in Pediatric Cervical Spine Injury Assessment Between Prehospital and Emergency Department Providers. Academic Emergency Medicine 24:12, pages 1501-1510.
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Joshua Brown, Nitin Sajankila & Jeffrey A. Claridge. (2017) Prehospital Assessment of Trauma. Surgical Clinics of North America 97:5, pages 961-983.
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J. T. Oosterwold, D. C. Sagel, P. M. van Grunsven, M. Holla, J. de Man-van Ginkel & S. Berben. (2016) The characteristics and pre-hospital management of blunt trauma patients with suspected spinal column injuries: a retrospective observational study. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 43:4, pages 513-524.
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R. Galeiras Vázquez, M.E. Ferreiro Velasco, M. Mourelo Fariña, A. Montoto Marqués & S. Salvador de la Barrera. (2017) Update on traumatic acute spinal cord injury. Part 1. Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) 41:4, pages 237-247.
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R. Galeiras Vázquez, M.E. Ferreiro Velasco, M. Mourelo Fariña, A. Montoto Marqués & S. Salvador de la Barrera. (2017) Actualización en lesión medular aguda postraumática. Parte 1. Medicina Intensiva 41:4, pages 237-247.
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James M. Tatum, Nicolas Melo, Ara Ko, Navpreet K. Dhillon, Eric J.T. Smith, Dorothy A. Yim, Galinos Barmparas & Eric J. Ley. (2017) Validation of a field spinal motion restriction protocol in a level I trauma center. Journal of Surgical Research 211, pages 223-227.
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D. Stanton, T. Hardcastle, D. Muhlbauer & D. van Zyl. (2017) Cervical collars and immobilisation: A South African best practice recommendation. African Journal of Emergency Medicine 7:1, pages 4-8.
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Neil McDonald. (2017) ‘Secondary spine injury’: how language affects future research and treatment. Journal of Paramedic Practice 9:2, pages 55-58.
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Michael Kreinest, Bernhard Gliwitzky, Svenja Schüler, Paul A. Grützner & Matthias Münzberg. (2016) Development of a new Emergency Medicine Spinal Immobilization Protocol for trauma patients and a test of applicability by German emergency care providers. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 24:1.
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Neil E McDonald, Gwynn Curran-Sills & Roger E Thomas. (2016) Outcomes and characteristics of non-immobilised, spine-injured trauma patients: a systematic review of prehospital selective immobilisation protocols. Emergency Medicine Journal 33:10, pages 732-740.
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Gregory D. Schroeder & Alexander R. Vaccaro. (2016) Cervical Spine Injuries in the Athlete. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 24:9, pages e122-e133.
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Baukje Hemmes, Cécile R. L. P. N. Jeukens, Aliaa Al-Haidari, Paul A. M. Hofman, Ed S. vd Linden, Peter R. G. Brink & Martijn Poeze. (2016) Effect of spineboard and headblocks on the image quality of head CT scans. Emergency Radiology 23:3, pages 263-268.
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A.Y. Lee, S. Elojeimy, K.M. Kanal, K.F. Linnau & M.L. Gunn. (2016) The effect of trauma backboards on computed tomography radiation dose. Clinical Radiology 71:5, pages 499.e1-499.e8.
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David A. Wampler, Chloe Pineda, Joan Polk, Emily Kidd, Dale Leboeuf, Marti Flores, Mike Shown, Chetan Kharod, Ronald M. Stewart & Craig Cooley. (2016) The long spine board does not reduce lateral motion during transport—a randomized healthy volunteer crossover trial. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 34:4, pages 717-721.
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