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Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology Volume 30, 2011 - Issue 1
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Research Articles

Efficacy studies of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion, M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, 0.5% bleach, 1% soapy water, and Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents, Part 1: Guinea pigs challenged with VX

Ernest H. Braue Jr.U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Analytical Toxicology, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USACorrespondence[email protected]
,
Kelly H. SmithU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Analytical Toxicology, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
,
Bryce F. DoxzonU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Analytical Toxicology, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
,
Horace L. LumpkinU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Analytical Toxicology, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
&
Edward D. ClarksonU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Analytical Toxicology, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
Pages 15-28 | Received 07 Jun 2010, Accepted 06 Aug 2010, Published online: 13 Oct 2010

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Lina Thors, Elisabeth Wigenstam, Johanna Qvarnström & Anders Bucht. (2021) Efficient agent degradation within skin is important for decontamination of percutaneously exposed VX. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 40:2, pages 95-102.
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Jessica M. Connolly, Robert S. Stevenson, Roy F. Railer, Offie E. Clark, Kimberly A. Whitten, Robyn B. Lee-Stubbs & Dana R. Anderson. (2020) Impairment of wound healing by reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL®) in a Göttingen minipig® model. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 39:2, pages 143-157.
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Jing-Hai Sun, Pei-Pei Sun, Wei Zheng, Song Han, Ying Ying, Hong-Yan Liu, Cheng Zhang, Bao-Quan Zhao, Guo-Min Zuo, Hong Lu & Yu-Xu Zhong. (2015) Skin decontamination efficacy of potassium ketoxime on rabbits exposed to sulfur mustard. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 34:1, pages 1-6.
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Jan Misik, Petr Jost, Ruzena Pavlikova, Eva Vodakova, Jiri Cabal & Kamil Kuca. (2013) A comparison of decontamination effects of commercially available detergents in rats pre-exposed to topical sulphur mustard. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 32:2, pages 135-139.
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Jan Misik, Michal Pavlik, Ladislav Novotny, Ruzena Pavlikova, Robert P. Chilcott, Jiri Cabal & Kamil Kuca. (2012) In vivo decontamination of the nerve agent VX using the domestic swine model. Clinical Toxicology 50:9, pages 807-811.
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Articles from other publishers (46)

Christopher Dalton, Rachel Watkins, Sarah Pritchard & Stuart Graham. (2023) Skin decontamination of Carfentanil in vitro. Toxicology Letters 388, pages 56-63.
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Lina Thors, Elisabeth Wigenstam, Johanna Qvarnström, Andreas Larsson, Sandra Lindberg, Linda Öberg, Jenny Rattfelt-Nyholm & Anders Bucht. (2023) Comparison of skin decontamination strategies in the initial operational response following chemical exposures. Toxicology in Vitro 87, pages 105539.
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Amirhosein Charejoo, Masoud Arabfard, Amir Jafari & Yazdan Hasani Nourian. (2023) A complete, evidence-based review on novichok poisoning based on epidemiological aspects and clinical management. Frontiers in Toxicology 4.
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Deepal Vora, Amruta A. Dandekar, Ritesh Kumar Srivastava, Mohammad Athar & Ajay K. Banga. (2022) Development and Evaluation of a Topical Foam Formulation for Decontamination of Warfare Agents. Molecular Pharmaceutics 19:12, pages 4644-4653.
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Lina Thors, Pär Wästerby, Elisabeth Wigenstam, Andreas Larsson, Linda Öberg & Anders Bucht. (2021) Do cold weather temperatures affect the efficacy of skin decontamination?. Journal of Applied Toxicology 42:6, pages 961-969.
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Aileen M. Feschuk, Rebecca M. Law & Howard I. Maibach. 2022. Dermal Absorption and Decontamination. Dermal Absorption and Decontamination 133 145 .
Aileen M. Feschuk, Rebecca M. Law & Howard I. Maibach. (2021) Comparative efficacy of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL): A systematic review. Toxicology Letters 349, pages 109-114.
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Jayme Cannon, Shengzhuang Tang, Kelly Yang, Racquel Harrison & Seok Ki Choi. (2021) Dual acting oximes designed for therapeutic decontamination of reactive organophosphates via catalytic inactivation and acetylcholinesterase reactivation . RSC Medicinal Chemistry 12:9, pages 1592-1603.
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Greta Camilla Magnano, Francesca Rui & Francesca Larese Filon. (2021) Skin decontamination procedures against potential hazards substances exposure. Chemico-Biological Interactions 344, pages 109481.
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Andreas Larsson, Johanna Qvarnström, Sandra Lindberg, Elisabeth Wigenstam, Linda Öberg, Robin Afshin Sander, Susanne Johansson, Anders Bucht & Lina Thors. (2021) In vitro human skin decontamination efficacy of MOF-808 in decontamination lotion following exposure to the nerve agent VX. Toxicology Letters 339, pages 32-38.
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Shlomit Dachir, Maayan Cohen, Hillel Buch & Tamar Kadar. (2021) Skin decontamination efficacy of sulfur mustard and VX in the pig model: A comparison between Fuller's earth and RSDL. Chemico-Biological Interactions 336, pages 109393.
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Seok Ki Choi. (2021) Nanomaterial-Enabled Sensors and Therapeutic Platforms for Reactive Organophosphates. Nanomaterials 11:1, pages 224.
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Mulu Gebremedhin, Messele Fentabil, Laura Cochrane, Vivian Lau, Derek Toth & John Barry. (2020) In vitro decontamination efficacy of the RSDL® (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion Kit) lotion component against riot control agents: Capsaicin, Mace™ (CN) and CS. Toxicology Letters 332, pages 36-41.
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Pamela T. Wong, Shengzhuang Tang, Jayme Cannon, Kelly Yang, Racquel Harrison, Matthew Ruge, Jessica J. O’Konek & Seok Ki Choi. (2020) Shielded α-Nucleophile Nanoreactor for Topical Decontamination of Reactive Organophosphate. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12:30, pages 33500-33515.
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L. Thors, E. Wigenstam, J. Qvarnström, L. Hägglund & A. Bucht. (2020) Improved skin decontamination efficacy for the nerve agent VX. Chemico-Biological Interactions 325, pages 109135.
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Mirjam de Bruin-Hoegée, Martijn C. de Koning, Laura Cochrane & Marloes J.A. Joosen. (2020) Contact transfer risk from fentanyl-contaminated RSDL® Kit. Toxicology Letters 319, pages 237-241.
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Messele Fentabil, Mulu Gebremedhin, John Barry, John Mikler & Laura Cochrane. (2020) In vivo efficacy of the Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL®) kit against organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Chemico-Biological Interactions 318, pages 108980.
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Edward D. Clarkson & Richard K. Gordon. 2020. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 1233 1247 .
Shlomit Dachir, Eliezer Fishbine, Yakov Meshulam, Hillel Buch, Nahum Allon & Tamar Kadar. 2020. Skin Decontamination. Skin Decontamination 101 119 .
Hanjiang Zhu, Eui-Chang Jung, Christina Phuong, Xiaoying Hui & Howard I. Maibach. 2020. Skin Decontamination. Skin Decontamination 87 99 .
Shlomit Dachir, Izhak Barness, Eliezer Fishbine, Jacob Meshulam, Rita Sahar, Arik Eisenkraft, Adina Amir & Tamar Kadar. 2020. Skin Decontamination. Skin Decontamination 183 198 .
Yachao Cao, Akram Elmahdy, Hanjiang Zhu, Xiaoying Hui & Howard I. Maibach. 2020. Skin Decontamination. Skin Decontamination 163 181 .
Pamela T. Wong, Somnath Bhattacharjee, Jayme Cannon, Shengzhuang Tang, Kelly Yang, Sierra Bowden, Victoria Varnau, Jessica J. O'Konek & Seok Ki Choi. (2019) Reactivity and mechanism of α-nucleophile scaffolds as catalytic organophosphate scavengers. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17:16, pages 3951-3963.
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Christopher M. Timperley, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abdullah Saeed Al-Amri, Augustin Baulig, Djafer Benachour, Veronica Borrett, Flerida A. Cariño, Michael Geist, David Gonzalez, William Kane, Zrinka Kovarik, Roberto Martínez-Álvarez, Nicia Maria Fusaro Mourão, Slawomir Neffe, Syed K. Raza, Valentin Rubaylo, Alejandra Graciela Suárez, Koji Takeuchi, Cheng Tang, Ferruccio Trifirò, Francois Mauritz van Straten, Paula S. Vanninen, Slavica Vučinić, Volodymyr Zaitsev, Muhammad Zafar-Uz-Zaman, Mongia Saïd Zina, Stian Holen, Jonathan E. Forman, Wesam S. Alwan & Vivek Suri. (2019) Advice on assistance and protection by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 2. On preventing and treating health effects from acute, prolonged, and repeated nerve agent exposure, and the identification of medical countermeasures able to reduce or eliminate the longer term health effects of nerve agents. Toxicology 413, pages 13-23.
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Shengzhuang Tang, Pamela T. Wong, Jayme Cannon, Kelly Yang, Sierra Bowden, Somnath Bhattacharjee, Jessica J. O'Konek & Seok Ki Choi. (2019) Hydrophilic scaffolds of oxime as the potent catalytic inactivator of reactive organophosphate. Chemico-Biological Interactions 297, pages 67-79.
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Yachao Cao, Xiaoying Hui, Akram Elmahdy & Howard Maibach. (2018) In vitro human skin permeation and decontamination of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) using Dermal Decontamination Gel (DDGel) and Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) at different timepoints. Toxicology Letters 299, pages 118-123.
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T.M. Mann, M.E. Price, C.L. Whitmore, R.L. Perrott, T.R. Laws, R.R. McColm, E.R. Emery, J.E.H. Tattersall, A.C. Green & H. Rice. (2018) Bioscavenger is effective as a delayed therapeutic intervention following percutaneous VX poisoning in the guinea-pig. Toxicology Letters 293, pages 198-206.
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Messele Fentabil, Mulu Gebremedhin, J. Garfield Purdon, Laura Cochrane & Virginia Streusand Goldman. (2018) Degradation of pesticides with RSDL® (reactive skin decontamination lotion kit) lotion: LC–MS investigation. Toxicology Letters 293, pages 241-248.
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Yachao Cao, Xiaoying Hui, Hanjiang Zhu, Akram Elmahdy & Howard Maibach. (2018) In vitro human skin permeation and decontamination of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) using Dermal Decontamination Gel (DDGel) and Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL). Toxicology Letters 291, pages 86-91.
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Yachao Cao, Akram Elmahdy, Hanjiang Zhu, Xiaoying Hui & Howard Maibach. (2018) Binding affinity and decontamination of dermal decontamination gel to model chemical warfare agent simulants. Journal of Applied Toxicology 38:5, pages 724-733.
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L. Thors, M. Koch, E. Wigenstam, B. Koch, L. Hägglund & A. Bucht. (2017) Comparison of skin decontamination efficacy of commercial decontamination products following exposure to VX on human skin. Chemico-Biological Interactions 273, pages 82-89.
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Shlomit Dachir, Izhak Barness, Eliezer Fishbine, Jacob Meshulam, Rita Sahar, Arik Eisenkraft, Adina Amir & Tamar Kadar. (2017) Dermostyx (IB1) – High efficacy and safe topical skin protectant against percutaneous toxic agents. Chemico-Biological Interactions 267, pages 25-32.
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Alicia Salerno, Thierry Devers, Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger, Jocelyne Pelletier, Denis Josse & Stéphanie Briançon. (2017) In vitro skin decontamination of the organophosphorus pesticide Paraoxon with nanometric cerium oxide CeO 2. Chemico-Biological Interactions 267, pages 57-66.
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M.J.A. Joosen, R.M. van den Berg, A.L. de Jong, M.J. van der Schans, D. Noort & J.P. Langenberg. (2017) The impact of skin decontamination on the time window for effective treatment of percutaneous VX exposure. Chemico-Biological Interactions 267, pages 48-56.
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L. Thors, S. Lindberg, S. Johansson, B. Koch, M. Koch, L. H?gglund & A. Bucht. (2017) RSDL decontamination of human skin contaminated with the nerve agent VX. Toxicology Letters 269, pages 47-54.
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Helen Rice, Tom M. Mann, Stuart J. Armstrong, Matthew E. Price, A. Chris Green & John E.H. Tattersall. (2016) The potential role of bioscavenger in the medical management of nerve-agent poisoned casualties. Chemico-Biological Interactions 259, pages 175-181.
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Franz Worek, Timo Wille, Marianne Koller & Horst Thiermann. (2016) Toxicology of organophosphorus compounds in view of an increasing terrorist threat. Archives of Toxicology 90:9, pages 2131-2145.
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Alicia Salerno, Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger, Pauline Rolland, Yves Chevalier, Denis Josse & Stéphanie Briançon. (2016) Pickering emulsions for skin decontamination. Toxicology in Vitro 34, pages 45-54.
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Hanjiang Zhu, Eui‐Chang Jung, Christina Phuong, Xiaoying Hui & Howard Maibach. (2015) Effects of soap–water wash on human epidermal penetration. Journal of Applied Toxicology 36:8, pages 997-1002.
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Charles Stewart, M. Kathleen Stewart & Lara K. Kulchycki. 2016. Ciottone's Disaster Medicine. Ciottone's Disaster Medicine 656 660 .
Edward D. Clarkson & Richard K. Gordon. 2015. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 1127 1139 .
Adam D. Leary, Michael D. Schwartz, Mark A. Kirk, Joselito S. Ignacio, Elaine B. Wencil & Susan M. Cibulsky. (2014) Evidence-Based Patient Decontamination: An Integral Component of Mass Exposure Chemical Incident Planning and Response. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 8:3, pages 260-266.
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Bellal Joseph, Carlos V. Brown, Conrad Diven, Eric Bui, Hassan Aziz & Peter Rhee. (2013) Current concepts in the management of biologic and chemical warfare causalities. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 75:4, pages 582-589.
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Marloes J.A. Joosen, Marcel J. van der Schans, Willem C. Kuijpers, Herman P.M. van Helden & Daan Noort. (2013) Timing of decontamination and treatment in case of percutaneous VX poisoning: A mini review. Chemico-Biological Interactions 203:1, pages 149-153.
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P. Rolland, M.-A. Bolzinger, C. Cruz, D. Josse & S. Briançon. (2013) Hairy skin exposure to VX in vitro: Effectiveness of delayed decontamination. Toxicology in Vitro 27:1, pages 358-366.
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P. Rolland, M.-A. Bolzinger, C. Cruz, S. Briançon & D. Josse. (2011) Human scalp permeability to the chemical warfare agent VX. Toxicology in Vitro 25:8, pages 1974-1980.
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