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ABSTRACT
Respiratory diseases (RD) are a group of common ailments with a rapidly increasing global prevalence, posing a significant threat to humanity, especially the elderly population, and imposing a substantial burden on society and the economy. RD represents an unmet medical need that requires the development of viable pharmacotherapies. While various promising strategies have been devised to advance potential treatments for RD, their implementation has been hindered by difficulties in drug delivery, particularly in critically ill patients. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for delivering medications to the inflamed organ sites, such as the lungs. Although this approach is enticing, delivering nanomedicine to the lungs presents complex challenges that require sophisticated techniques. In this context, we review the potential of novel nanomedicine-based immunomodulatory strategies that could offer therapeutic benefits in managing this pressing health condition.
Abbreviations
| ARDS | = | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| ARI | = | Acute Respiratory Infections |
| Ams | = | Alveolar Macrophages |
| Apcs | = | Antigen-Presenting Cells |
| BALF | = | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid |
| CNTs | = | Carbon Nanotubes |
| CRP | = | C-reactive protein |
| Ceo2 Nps | = | Cerium Oxide |
| CCL2 | = | Chemokine Ligand 2 |
| COPD | = | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| Cris | = | Chronic Respiratory Illnesses |
| CF | = | Cystic Fibrosis |
| COX-2 | = | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
| Damps | = | Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns |
| Dcs | = | Dendritic Cells |
| DPPG | = | Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Glycerol |
| DPPC | = | Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine |
| ECM | = | Extracellular Matrix |
| GIT | = | Gastrointestinal Tract |
| Au Nps | = | Gold Nps |
| HRT | = | Human Respiratory Tract |
| IPF | = | Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
| Iga | = | Immunoglobulins |
| Inos | = | Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase |
| ICH | = | Inhaled Corticosteroids |
| IL | = | Interleukins |
| ICAM-1 | = | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 |
| (Ilds) | = | Interstitial Lung Diseases |
| LE-LC | = | Liquid Expanded-Liquid Condensed |
| LPS | = | Lipopolysaccharide |
| LC | = | Lung Cancer |
| Lns | = | Lymph Nodes |
| Mmps | = | Matrix Metalloproteinases |
| MAPK | = | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase |
| MAIT | = | Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells |
| NK Cells | = | Natural Killer Cells |
| NLR | = | Nod-Like Receptors |
| Ncis | = | Non-Communicable Illnesses |
| NOD | = | Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing Protein |
| NALT | = | Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissues |
| Pamps | = | Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns |
| Prrs | = | Pattern Recognition Receptors |
| Prrs | = | Pattern Recognition Receptors |
| POPG | = | Palmitoyl-Oleoyl-Phosphatidylglycerol |
| PI3KC3 | = | Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Complex |
| PEG-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Nps | = | Polyethylene Glycol -Coated PLGA Poly |
| PVP | = | Polyvinylpyrrolidone |
| PAR | = | Protease-Activated Receptors |
| PS | = | Pulmonary Surfactant |
| PS | = | Pulmonary Surfactants |
| RNS | = | Reactive Nitrogen Species |
| ROS | = | Reactive Oxygen Species |
| RSV | = | Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
| SARS | = | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
| SARS-COVID-19 | = | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Disease-19 |
| Ag Nps | = | Silver Nps |
| SP-B | = | Surfactant Protein-B |
| SP-C | = | Surfactant Protein-C |
| Th Cells | = | T Helper (Th) Cells |
| TLR | = | Toll-Like Receptor |
| TME | = | Tumor Microenvironment |
| TNF | = | Tumor Necrosis Factor |
| TNF-Α | = | Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha |
| URT | = | Upper Respiratory Tract |
| VDR | = | Vitamin D Receptors |
| VDRE | = | Vitamin D Responsive Element |
| Vlps | = | Virus-Like Particles |
Acknowledgments
AS and HKA are supported by ICMR-SRF fellowship (HIV/STI/18/02/2022-ECD-II) and DHR young scientist program (YSS/2020/000047/PRCYSS), respectively.
Author’s contributions
All authors made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the paper and approved it for publication.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Supplementary material
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2023.2298398