Prevention of HIV in the MSM Population: A Cultural-Historical Comparison of Sweden and the Netherlands

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of literature search results.

Table 1. Presentation of the scientific papers.

Nr	Author, Year	Sample	Country	Method	Historical focus	Cultural Focus	Relevant Findings
1	Månsson, 1990	-	Sweden	Critical policy analysis	Yes	Yes	Swedish AIDS policy increased testing overall, but slightly decreased testing among homosexual and bisexual men
2	Schaalma, Petesr, & Kok, 1993	N =  1018 students	NL	Survey	Yes	Yes	Emphasizing personal responsibility, and personal controllability increases negative reactions to people with AIDS
3	Eriksson, Nordstrom, Berglund, & Sandstrom, 2000	N = 72 HIV-infected men	Sweden	Survey	No	No	Compared to existing data on the general population, HIV infected men had a poorer health related quality of life
4	Bos, Kok, & Dijker, 2001	N =  751, 42% male (general population)	NL	Telephone survey	Yes	Yes	Public reactions to people with HIV/AIDS were moderately positive. Knowledge about highly active antiretroviral therapy was related to lower risk perceptions, a positive attitude toward homosexuals, less fear, and more willingness to have personal contact with people with HIV/AIDS.
5	Janssen, de Wit, Hospers, & Van Griensven, 2001	N = 113 gay men	NL	Focus group interviews	No	No	A higher level of education was related to better knowledge about HIV and more self-efficacy in safe sex behavior.
6	Tikkanen et al., 2003	N = 1354 MSM	Sweden	Survey	No	No	Internet sexual chat rooms may be a useful place to reach younger and bisexual men, and those who make sexual assignations, with HIV/STD preventive messages, often before they have publicly come out.
7	Christianson, Lalos, & Johansson, 2008	N =  10,women (n = 7) and men (n = 7);three homosexual men	Sweden	In-depth interviews and an analysis based on a grounded theory approach	No	Yes	Young HIV-positive people have a difficult time informing partners of their HIV diagnosis and discussing safe sex strategies. These are challenges that health care providers need to take seriously.
8	Berner, 2011	-	Sweden	Overview	Yes	Yes	The cultural historical context has led to different processes and decisions in Sweden than in other European countries regarding blood donations from gay and bisexual men, when the risk of HIV infection came to light.
9	Van Aar, 2012	N =  105 MSM index patients	NL	Database	No	Yes	An extensive number of HIV infections remained undetected mainly due to un-notifiable partners.
10	Heijman et al., 2012	N =  206 HIV positive MSM	NL	Survey and tests	Yes	No	In the cART period the reduction in sexual risk behavior after an HIV diagnosis became less and people returned to pre-cART levels within 4 years.
11	Ross et al., 2013	N = 174209MSM from 38 European countries	Sweden NL	Online Survey	No	Yes	Sweden and the Netherlands have the lowest internalized homonegativity scores of all European countries in the study.
12	Van Den Boom et al., 2013	N = 177 HIV-positive MSM	NL	Online Survey	No	No	91% discussed the decision to engage in unprotected anal intercourse based on Undetectable Viral with HIV-concordant partners, but only 13–25% with HIV-disconcordant partners. Undetectability of the virus increased the likelihood of in unprotected anal intercourse.
13	Albert et al., 2014	-	Sweden	Position Statement	Yes	Yes	Under effective ART treatment, the risk of HIV transmission is thought to be minimal.
14	Dijstelbloem, 2014	-	NL	Review	Yes	Yes	The cultural and historical context at the time when HIV and AIDS were discovered led to the decision not to ban blood donation by gay men despite the risks.
15	Ross, Tikkanen, & Berg, 2014	n =  3,202 MSM in 2006 and n = 4,715 MSM in 2008	Sweden	Internet survey	No	No	Gay community involvement, is associated with increase in HIV sexual risk behaviors, but also with preventive measures (HIV testing).
16	Stutterheim et al., 2014	N =  262 PLWH; 80.2% gay men for the survey & n =  22 PLWH and n = 14 health professionals for the interviews	NL	Survey and interview	No	No	59.6% of the PLWH had experienced at least one negative interaction with health professionals; 11.8% had avoided health care services/professionals as a result of negative interactions; 76.3% also reported having received sympathy and support from health care professionals. Health care providers felt that that HIV-related stigmatization is a thing of the past, yet discussed behaviors that can be considered stigmatizing.
17	Bil et al., 2015	N =  448 HIV-negative MSM	NL	Survey	No	No	There was a low intention to use PrEP, but this was higher among high-risk MSM
18	Marra & Hankins, 2015	N =  108 MSM and n = 7 MSM for the interviews	NL	Online survey and semi-structured interviews	No	No	What keeps people from taking preventive PrEP are fears that it will reinforce the stigma that men with HIV would have unsafe sex, the constant reminder of HIV, the feeling of being a patient, and the idea that it could be mistaken for treatment for HIV.
19	Persson et al., 2015	N =  1805 MSM	Sweden	Internet Survey	Yes	Yes	Higher number of casual male sex partners and reporting having HIV were predictors for belonging to experimentals (extensive experience of barebacking, the use of poppers and fisting). There was no relation between self-rated HIV prevention knowledge and risky practices
20	Schonnesson, Bowen, & Williams, 2015	n = 25 intervention and n = 33 waiting list control group	Sweden	Survey, intervention evaluation	No	Yes	An Internet-based HIV risk-reduction intervention improved HIV knowledge, motivation for condom use with new sex partners and self-efficacy to use condoms in challenging situations.
21	Van Veen et al., 2015	N = 279 (90%) MSM and n = 31 (10%) heterosexual men (n = 22) and women (n = 9).	NL	Database data and survey	No	Yes	For one-third of the newly diagnosed patients with HIV there was a >4 week delay in linking with care. This was associated with being young, having non-Western ethnicity or lacking health insurance and not with perceived social support or stigma.
22	Den Daas, Doppen, Schmidt, & De Coul, 2016	N = 3787 MSM	NL	Online Survey	No	No	20.4% had never been tested for HIV. Not being from Amsterdam, low education and low knowledge on HIV-testing, lower sexual risk, and less social engagement were also associated with having never been tested.
23	Haney, 2016	N =  2,299 participants from the United States and the Netherlands (n =  1,050)	NL	Survey-interviews	No	Yes	Not wanting a person with AIDS as a neighbor was the strongest predictor of homonegativity; such participants from the Netherlands were 6.9 times more likely to express homonegativity. Being unhappy was also a statistically significant predictor of homonegativity
24	Mehdiyar, Andersson, Hjelm, & Povlsen, 2016	N =  14 HIV-positive migrants, women (n = 7) and men (n = 7); 1 homosexual man	Sweden	Grounded Theory study based on qualitative interviews	No	Yes	The HIV-positive migrants appreciated the free access to antiviral therapy, but wished to have more time for patient-physician communications. The participants of this study felt discrimination in health care settings outside of the infectious diseases clinics.
25	Persson et al., 2016	N =  2373 MSM, Swedish members of the Scandinavian gay online community	Sweden	Online survey	Yes	No	Fear and anxiety as well as barriers related to the use of test services are still important hindrances for testing
26	Petersson, Tikkanen, & Schmidt, 2016	N =  3,004 MSM	Sweden	Online Survey	No	Yes	Club drug use is more prevalent among MSM and gay men, and among men with diagnosed HIV, and is associated with having more sexual partners and taking more sexual risks.
27	Persson et al., 2018	N =  2751 MSM	Sweden	Online Survey	No	Yes	MSM having casual unprotected anal intercourse abroad (27.6% of the sample) are high sexual-risk-takers.
28	Heijman et al., 2017	N =  3o HIV positive gay men	NL	Semi-structured interviews	No	No	Almost 50% reported condomless anal sex in the first year following HIV diagnosis. Barriers to condom use soon after diagnosis were related to: emotions, difficulty changing pre-diagnosis behavior patterns, communication, and substance use. Barriers to STI testing revolved around perceptions of low STI risk, faulty beliefs, and burdensome testing procedures.
29	Jallow et al., 2007	N =  195 HIV-positive patients, n = 100 homo/bisexuals	Sweden	Interviews and survey	No	Yes	Concerns about public opinion and attitudes toward HIV infection and medication-related problems were reported by the vast majority.
30	Basten et al., 2018	N =  815 MSM	NL	Survey	Yes	No	Most trajectories are of low risk (90.3%). Substance use is associated with high risk; though with decreasing for those who initially show a younger age at sexual debut, and fewer steady partnerships.
31	Den Daas et al., 2019	N =  13 MSM respondents with a non-Western migration background	NL	Semi-structured interviews	No	Yes	Social network testing with HIV self-testing can help reach the hard-to-reach risk group from a migrant background, especially if adapted to their specific needs.
32	Dennermalm, Ingemarsdotter Persson, Thomsen, & Forsberg, 2019	N =  15 MSM (1 HIV positive)	Sweden	Interview	No	Yes	Swedish MSM who go to Berlin because of a sexually morally freer culture already have a high number of sex partners in Sweden. All had tested themselves for HIV in the past year and were well-informed about HIV. Safer sex strategies did not depend on whether they had sex in Sweden or Berlin.
33	Herder & Agardh, 2019	N =  10 MSM	Sweden	Semi-structured interview	No	Yes	Despite good relationships with the health care staff, a lack of sound routines and/ or guidelines regarding how information is communicated to patients at HIV clinics negatively affects Swedish MSM living with HIV
34	Strömdahl, Hoijer, & Eriksen, 2019	595 test point visitors	Sweden	Survey	No	Yes	At the peer-led venue, non-healthcare personnel offered venue-based testing, 0.8% testes positively. 1/3 would not have tested for HIV at a healthcare facility
35	Herder, Agardh, Björkman, & Månsson, 2020	N =  658 MSM respondents; 77.8% gay	Sweden	Survey	No	No	MSM in Sweden are well-informed regarding PrEP. Sexual risk indicators are positively associated with interest in taking PrEP.
36	Slurink, van Benthem, van Rooijen, Achterbergh, & van Aar, 2020	N =  13,516 MSM	NL	Surveillance data	No	NO	Although STI positivity increased with increased risky behaviors, comparable HIV positivity between classes indicates risk reduction strategies among subgroups engaged in risky behaviors.
37	Zeluf-Andersson et al., 2019	N =  1096 people living with HIV, 70% male, 43% non-heterosexual	Sweden	Nation-wide survey	No	No	The QoL of people living with HIV in Sweden was high overall, but still significantly influenced by HIV
38	Mehdiyar, Andersson, & Hjelm, 2020	N =  14 HIV-positive, women (n = 7) and men (n = 7); 1 homosexual man	Sweden	Qualitative, exploratory study using semi-structured interviews	No	Yes	In the actual study loneliness, fear of disclosure, perceived stigma, and the lack of a social network had significant impact on the life situations of the HIV positive migrants. Fear of disclosure and the challenge of finding a partner and friends were the main obstacles.
39	Van Bilsen et al., 2019	N =  905 MSM	NL	Survey and test results	Yes	No	There is an increase in STI incidence that coincides with a decrease in condom use with casual partners, whereas there is a decrease in HIV incidence.
40	Van Dijk et al. 2020	N =  426 MSM	NL	Survey	No	No	89.9% know of PrEP; 6.6% used it. Reasons for not taking it are more likely to be related to medication and side effects, or to not thinking about taking a risk than to fear of being judged negatively by others.
41	Zimmermann et al., 2020	N =  252 MSM on preexposure prophylaxis (n =  14 for the interviews)	NL	Dairy study and interviews	No	No	PrEP only was the most common strategy employed with any partner type (81%). Combining PrEP and condoms was more often chosen for sex acts with casual partners (18%) and avoidance of PrEP disclosure was one of the reasons.
42	Dennermalm, Scarlett, Thomsen, Persson, & Alvesson, 2021	N =  15 MSM traveling to Berlin, with experience with drug use	Sweden	Interview study	No	Yes	The men used strategy in finding a balance between pleasure and risks, including risk of HIV.
43	Van Dijk et al., 2021	N = 30	NL	Semi-structured interview	No	No	Knowledge about PrEP among health professionals is not always up to date. MSM receive mainly positive reactions, but sometimes also negative ones from potential sex partners.
44	Krabbenborg et al., 2021	n = 10 lay providers and n = 5 male end users (HIV negative; 4 gay, 1 bisexual)	NL	Interview	No	Yes	Fear of stigma or discrimination, were not reported as motivations to test at the AIDS Healthcare Foundation-Checkpoint.
45	Slurink, Götz, van Aar, & van Benthem, 2021	N =  281,051, n =  52,149 MSN	NL	Survey	No	No	More than 80% tested for HIV, but least of all those with up to primary school as an educational level (81%); HIV was not present in MSN with a bachelor’s or master’s level and in 1% of the remaining MSN.
46	Zimmermann et al., 2021	n =  1,072 MSM, 89% HIV-negative and 11% never-tested	NL	Internet survey	No	No	Frequent HIV-related discrimination was expected by 41%. A smaller subgroup of MSM does not perceive HIV as a serious disease, which is associated with increased sexual risk taking.

Figure 2. Historical timeline of HIV.

Månsson, S. A. (1990). Phucho-social aspects of HIV testing—the Swedish case. AIDS Care, 2(1), 5–16. doi:10.1080/09540129008257708

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Schaalma, H. P., Petesr, L., & Kok, G. (1993). Reactions among Dutch youth toward people with AIDS. Journal of School Health, 63(4), 182–187. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1993.tb06113.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eriksson, L. E., Nordstrom, G., Berglund, T., & Sandstrom, E. (2000). The health-related quality of life in a Swedish sample of HIV-infected persons. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(5), 1213–1223. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01592.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bos, A. E. R., Kok, G., & Dijker, A. J. (2001). Public reactions to people with HIV/AIDS in the Netherlands. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13(3), 219–228. doi:10.1521/aeap.13.3.219.19741

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Janssen, M., de Wit, J., Hospers, H. J., & Van Griensven, F. (2001). Educational status and young Dutch gay men’s beliefs about using condoms. AIDS Care, 13(1), 41–56. doi:10.1080/09540120020018170

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tikkanen, R., & Ross, M. W. (2003). Technological tearoom trade: Characteristics of Swedish men visiting gay internet chat rooms. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(2), 122–132. doi:10.1521/aeap.15.3.122.23833

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Christianson, M., Lalos, A., & Johansson, E. (2008). The law of communicable diseases act and disclosure to sexual partners among HIV-positive youth. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 3(3), 234–242. doi:10.1080/17450120802069109

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Berner, B. (2011). The making of a risk object: AIDS, gay citizenship and the meaning of blood donation in Sweden in the early 1980s. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33(3), 384–398. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01299.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Van Aar, F., Schreuder, I., van Weert, Y., Spijker, R., Götz, H., & de Coul, E. O. (2012). Current practices of partner notification among MSM with HIV, gonorrhoea and syphilis in the Netherlands: An urgent need for improvement. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 1–11. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-114

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Heijman, T., Geskus, R. B., Davidovich, U., Coutinho, R. A., Prins, M., & Stolte, I. G. (2012). Less decrease in risk behaviour from pre-HIV to post-HIV seroconversion among MSM in the combination antiretroviral therapy era compared with the pre-combination antiretroviral therapy era. AIDS, 26(4), 489–495. doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32834f9d7c

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ross, M. W., Berg, R. C., Schmidt, A. J., Hospers, H. J., Breveglieri, M., Furegato, M., & Weatherburn, P. (2013). Internalised homonegativity predicts HIV-associated risk behavior in European men who have sex with men in a 38-country cross-sectional study: some public health implications of homophobia. British Medical Journal, 3(2), e001928. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001928

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Van Den Boom, W., Stolte, I. G., Witlox, R., Sandfort, T., Prins, M., & Davidovich, U. (2013). Undetectable viral load and the decision to engage in unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-Positive MSM. AIDS and Behavior, 17(6), 2136–2142. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0453-9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Albert, J., Berglund, T., Gisslén, M., Gröön, P., Sönnerborg, A., Tegnell, A., … Widgren, K. (2014). Risk of HIV transmission from patients on antiretroviral therapy: A position statement from the public health agency of Sweden and the Swedish reference group for antiviral therapy. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 46(10), 673–677. doi:10.3109/00365548.2014.926565

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dijstelbloem, H. (2014). Missing in action: Inclusion and exclusion in the first days of AIDS in The Netherlands. Sociology of Health & Illness, 36(8), 1156–1170. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12159

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ross, M. W., Tikkanen, R., & Berg, R. C. (2014). Gay community involvement: Its interrelationships and associations with internet use and HIV risk behaviors in Swedish men who have sex with men. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(2), 323–333. doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.839916

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stutterheim, S. E., Sicking, L., Brands, R., Baas, I., Roberts, H., van Brakel, W. H., … Bos, A. E. R. (2014). Patient and provider perspectives on HIV and HIV-Related stigma in Dutch health care settings. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 28(12), 652–665. doi:10.1089/apc.2014.0226

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bil, J. P., Davidovich, U., van der Veldt, W. M., Prins, M., de Vries, H. J. C., Sonder, G. J. B., & Stolte, I. G. (2015). What do Dutch MSM think of preexposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV-infection? A cross-sectional study. AIDS, 29(8), 955–964. doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000639

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Marra, E., & Hankins, C. A. (2015). Perceptions among Dutch men who have sex with men and their willingness to use rectal microbicides and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis to reduce HIV risk – A preliminary study. AIDS Care, 27(12), 1493–1500. doi:10.1080/09540121.2015.1069785

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Persson, K. I., Tikkanen, R., Bergström, J., Berglund, T., Thorson, A., & Forsberg, B. C. (2015). Experimentals, bottoms, risk-reducers and clubbers: Exploring diverse sexual practice in an Internet-active high-risk behaviour group of men who have sex with men in Sweden. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18(6), 639–653. doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1103384

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schonnesson, L. N., Bowen, A. M., & Williams, M. L. (2015). Project SMART: Preliminary results from a test of the efficacy of a Swedish internet-based HIV risk-reduction intervention for men who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(6), 1501–1511. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0608-z

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Van Veen, M., Trienekens, S., Heijman, T., Gotz, H., Zaheri, S., Ladbury, G., … van der Sande, M. (2015). Delayed linkage to care in one-third of HIV-positive individuals in the Netherlands. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 91(8), 603–609. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051980

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Den Daas, C., Doppen, M., Schmidt, A. J., & De Coul, E. O. (2016). Determinants of never having tested for HIV among MSM in the Netherlands. BMJ Open, 6(1), e009480. doi:10.1136/BMJOPEN-2015-009480

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Haney, J. L. (2016). Predictors of homonegativity in the United States and the Netherlands using the Fifth Wave of the World values survey. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(10), 1355–1377. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1157997

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mehdiyar, M., Andersson, R., Hjelm, K., & Povlsen, L. (2016). HIV-positive migrants’ encounters with the Swedish health care system. Global Health Action, 9(1), 31753. doi:10.3402/gha.v9.31753

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Persson, K. I., Berglund, T., Bergström, J., Eriksson, L. E., Tikkanen, R., Thorson, A., & Forsberg, B. C. (2016). Motivators and barriers for HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Sweden. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(23–24), 3605–3618. doi:10.1111/jocn.13293

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Petersson, F. J. M., Tikkanen, R., & Schmidt, A. J. (2016). Party and play in the closet? Exploring club drug use among Swedish men who have sex with men. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(9), 1093–1103. doi:10.3109/10826084.2016.1160117

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Persson, K. I., Berglund, T., Bergström, J., Tikkanen, R., Thorson, A., & Forsberg, B. (2018). Place and practice: Sexual risk behaviour while travelling abroad among Swedish men who have sex with men. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 25, 58–64. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.01.009

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Heijman, T., Zuure, F., Stolte I. & Davidovich, U. (2017). Motives and barriers to safer sex and regular STI testing among MSM soon after HIV diagnosis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 17(1). doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2277-0

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Jallow, A., Sporrong, S. K., Walther-Jallow, L., Persson, P. M., Hellgren, U., & Ericsson, Ö. (2007). Common problems with antiretroviral therapy among three Swedish groups of HIV infected individuals. Pharmacy World & Science, 29(4), 422–429. doi:10.1007/s11096-007-9092-4

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Basten, M., Heijne, J. C. M., Geskus, R., Den Daas, C., Kretzschmar, M., & Matser, A. (2018). Sexual risk behaviour trajectories among MSM at risk for HIV in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. AIDS, 32(9), 1185–1192. doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001803

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Den Daas, C., Geerken, M. B. R., Bal, M., de Wit, J., Spijker, R., & Op de Coul, E. L. M. (2019). Reducing health disparities: Key factors for successful implementation of social network testing with HIV self-tests among men who have sex with men with a non-western migration background in the Netherlands. AIDS Care, 1–7. doi:10.1080/09540121.2019.1653440

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dennermalm, N., Ingemarsdotter Persson, K., Thomsen, S., & Forsberg, B. C. (2019). “You can smell the freedom”: A qualitative study on perceptions and experiences of sex among Swedish men who have sex with men in Berlin. BMJ Open, 9(6), e024459. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024459

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Herder, T., & Agardh, A. (2019). Navigating between rules and reality: A qualitative study of HIV positive MSM’s experiences of communication at HIV clinics in Sweden about the rules of conduct and infectiousness. AIDS Care, 1–7. doi:10.1080/09540121.2019.1566590

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Strömdahl, S., Hoijer, J., & Eriksen, J. (2019). Uptake of peer-led venue-based HIV testing sites in Sweden aimed at men who have sex with men (MSM) and trans persons: A cross-sectional survey. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 95(8), 575–579. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2019-054007

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Herder, T., Agardh, A., Björkman, P., & Månsson, F. (2020). Interest in taking HIV Pre-exposure prophylaxis is associated with behavioral risk indicators and self-perceived HIV risk among men who have sex with men attending HIV testing venues in Sweden. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(6), 2165–2177. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01740-9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Slurink, I. A. L., van Benthem, B. H. B., van Rooijen, M. S., Achterbergh, R. C. A., & van Aar, F. (2020). Latent classes of sexual risk and corresponding STI and HIV positivity among MSM attending centres for sexual health in the Netherlands. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 96(1), 33–39. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2019-053977

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zeluf-Andersson, G., Eriksson, L. E., Schönnesson, L. N., Höijer, J., Månehall, P., & Ekström, A. M. (2019). Beyond viral suppression: The quality of life of people living with HIV in Sweden. AIDS Care, 31(4), 403–412. doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1545990

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mehdiyar, M., Andersson, R., & Hjelm, K. (2020). HIV-positive migrants’ experience of living in Sweden. Global Health Action, 13(1), 1715324. doi:10.1080/16549716.2020.1715324

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Van Bilsen, W. P. H., Boyd, A., van der Loeff, M. F. S., Davidovich, U., Hogewoning, A., van der Hoek, L., … Matser, A. (2019). Diverging trends in incidence of HIV versus other sexually transmitted infections in HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) in Amsterdam. AIDS, 1. doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002417

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Van Dijk, M., Duken, S. B., Delabre, R. M., Stranz, R., Schlegel, V., Rojas Castro, D., … Jonas, K. J. (2020). PrEP interest among men who have sex with men in the Netherlands: Covariates and differences across samples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(6), 2155–2164. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01620-x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zimmermann, H. M., Jongen, V. W., Boyd, A., Hoornenborg, E., Prins, M., de Vries, H. J., … Davidovich, U. (2020). Decision-making regarding condom use among daily and event-driven users of preexposure prophylaxis in the Netherlands. Aids, 34(15), 2295–2304. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002714

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dennermalm, N., Scarlett, J., Thomsen, S., Persson, K. I., & Alvesson, H. M. (2021). Sex, drugs and techno–a qualitative study on finding the balance between risk, safety and pleasure among men who have sex with men engaging in recreational and sexualised drug use. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10906-6

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Van Dijk, M., de Wit, J. B. F., Kamps, R., Guadamuz, T. E., Martinez, J. E., & Jonas, K. J. (2021). Socio-Sexual experiences and access to healthcare among informal PrEP users in the Netherlands. AIDS and Behavior, 25(4), 1236–1246. doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03085-9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Krabbenborg, N., Spijker, R., Żakowicz, A. M., de Moraes, M., Heijman, T., & de Coul, E. O. (2021). Community-based HIV testing in The Netherlands: Experiences of lay providers and end users at a rapid HIV test checkpoint. AIDS Research and Therapy, 18(1). doi:10.1186/s12981-021-00357-9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Slurink, I. A., Götz, H. M., van Aar, F., & van Benthem, B. H. (2021). Educational level and risk of sexually transmitted infections among clients of Dutch sexual health centres. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 095646242110136. doi:10.1177/09564624211013670

 Google Scholar

Zimmermann, H. M., Bilsen, W. P., Boyd, A., Prins, M., Harreveld, F., & Davidovich, U. (2021). Prevention challenges with current perceptions of HIV burden among HIV‐negative and never‐tested men who have sex with men in the Netherlands: A mixed‐methods study. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 24(8). doi:10.1002/jia2.25715

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar