Different outcomes of active and reflective students in problem-based learning

Figures & data

Table

Practice points
•Active and reflective students show different learning outcomes.
•Reflective students show active participation in a PBL setting.
•A group with mixed qualities shows the best teamwork.

Table 1.  Mean rank of three PBL modules

			Mean rank
	Learning style	n	Module 1	Module 2	Module 3
Participation	Active	22	19.41	26.64	27.61
	Reflective	22	42.05	35.77	36.55
	Control	20	36.40	35.35	33.42
	Total	64
Problem-solving	Active	22	24.86	31.68	26.68
	Reflective	22	38.45	37.50	35.84
	Control	20	34.35	27.90	35.23
	Total	64
Quiz	Active	22	31.98	25.14	18.14
	Reflective	22	29.41	25.00	47.50
	Control	20	36.48	48.85	31.80
	Total	64
Teamwork	Active	22	16.50	30.25	27.50
	Reflective	22	48.50	24.75	27.50
	Control	20	32.50	43.50	43.50
	Total	64

Table 2.  Kruskal–Wallis test statistics for each PBL module.^a

		Participation	Problem-solving	Quiz	Teamwork
Module 1	Chi-square	21.944***	7.170	1.703	43.313***
	df	2	2	2	2
	Sig.	0.000	0.028	0.427	0.000
Module 2	Chi-square	6.134*	7.204*	24.326***	15.711***
	df	2	2	2	2
	Sig.	0.047	0.027	0.000	0.000
Module 3	Chi-square	2.857	3.573	32.455***	15.000**
	df	2	2	2	2
	Sig.	0.240	0.168	0.000	0.001

Notes: ^aGrouping variable: learning style. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.000.

Table 3.  One-way Anova result of students by learning style

	Learning style	n	Mean	SD	Variation	SS	df	MS	F	Sig.
Participation	Active	66	3.97	0.98	Between groups	14.72	2	7.36	3.28***	0.000
	Reflective	66	4.61	0.78	Within groups	160.19	189	0.85
	Control	60	4.45	0.99	Total	174.91	191
Problem-solving	Active	66	4.23	0.78	Between groups	4.24	2	2.12	3.06*	0.049
	Reflective	66	4.59	0.72	Within groups	130.88	189	0.69
	Control	60	4.38	0.99	Total	135.12	191
Quiz	Active	66	3.64	1.15	Between groups	16.29	2	8.15	3.35**	0.002
	Reflective	66	4.06	1.11	Within groups	231.69	189	1.23
	Control	60	4.36	1.14	Total	247.98	191
Teamwork	Active	66	3.98	0.84	Between groups	5.57	2	2.79	14.51***	0.000
	Reflective	66	4.43	0.81	Within groups	36.29	189	0.19
	Control	60	4.72	0.64	Total	41.86	191

Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.000.